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WATERPROOFING 
TEXTILE FABRICS 


BY 
HERBERT P. PEARSON, M.Sc. 


FORMERLY: RESEARCH CHEMIST; BRADFORD DYERS ASSN., LTD., 
GENERAL MANAGER; CRAVENETTE COMPANY, U.S.A. 


Containing the formule of the principal processes 
in use in the United States and many employed in 
other countries. | 


Written especially for the information of Textile 
Manufacturers, Dyers and Merchants. 


WITH 


An index of United States, British, French and 
German Patents. 


BOOK DEPARTMENT 


The CHEMICAL CATALOG COMPANY, Ine. 
19 EAST 24TH STREET, NEW YORK, U. S. A. 
1924 





—__— 


All Rights Bat 





PREFACE 


The two years’ work entailed in the preparation of the 
manuscript of this book was undertaken at the invitation 
of the publishers, who observed the need of an authorita- 
tive textbook on the subject of fabric waterproofing— 
a little-understood art having a very meagre literature. 

Most of the information regarding formule and proc- 
esses given herein has never before been published. It 
is, however, derived from absolutely trustworthy sources 
in the industry itself; but the nature of this information 
has made it necessary to avoid connecting the various 
processes with the names of the concerns who use them, 
in order to protect those workers in the industry from 
whom the information has been derived. 

The work has been written more for the information 
of the user of waterproofing than for those experienced 
in the art; but I believe it is written with sufficient con- 
ciseness to act as a technical guide to anyone, having 
experience as a dyer or finisher of piece goods and there- 
fore knowledge of the handling of the material to be proc- 
essed, who may wish to go into the waterproofing in- 
dustry. 

Most of the machinery used in waterproofing fabrics 
being the same as that employed in dyeing and finishing 
plants, I have dwelt more fully on formule and processes 
rather than on apparatus. I have only used sketches and 
photographs where necessary to illustrate the text. The 
sketch of the cuprammonium plant is used in connection 
with the first authentic description of that process ever 
published. 

3 


pice yh 


4 PREFACE 


The thirty years’ patent index is based upon special 
searches made at the Patent Offices of Washington, Lon- 
don, Paris and Berlin respectively. It only includes 
fabric-coating patents when the coating is specifically 
for a waterproofing purpose or where the formula of a 
coating is suitable for waterproofing. 

My thanks are due, and hereby tendered, to Dr. F. P. 
Veitch of the Leather and Paper Laboratory of the 
United States Department of Agriculture for permission 
to use portions of his publications on open-air waterproof- 
ing, testing methods and the effect of sunlight on water- 
proofed cotton goods and to the publishers’ President, 
Mr. F. W. Robinson, for his many helpful suggestions. 


HERBERT P. PEARSON. 
New York, 
May, 1924. 


CONTENTS 


CHAPTER 


I 


10 


INTRODUCTORY 
Definition of ene 


Basic PRINCIPLES . . pee tis are SER eres E 
Surface ets oie Pevinanence: 


THE VALUE OF WATER-RESISTING PROCESSES ON 
FABRICS 


Heavy eatin Clothing 
Processes UNpER CONSIDERATION 


Processes FOR Heavy Corton Goops 

Coating Processes—English Black Oil Coatings 
French Tarpaulins—American Oil Coating—Im- 
pregnation Processes—Asphaltic Base; Molten 
State—Asphaltic Base; Solutions—Aluminum 
Acetate Process— Copper Processes — Copper 
Aluminum Formate Process—The Cuprammo- 
nium Process. 


PROCESSES FOR CLOTHING FABRICS 


Spreading — Rubbing — Spraying — a roralsion 
—Sundry Processes—An Emulsion Process for 
Woolens—The Soap and Alum Process. 


POSMULA FOR THE FARMER . . .  « « «  » « 
Mixing the Materials—Application. 


TESTING WATER-RESISTANCE 


Modified Funnel Test—Modified cae Method— 
Effect of Sunlight on Treated Canvas. 


New DEVELOPMENTS 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PROCESSES AND FoRMUL2 FOR Wa- 
TERPROOFING TEXTILES PATENTED IN THE UNITED 
States, GREAT BriTAIN, FRANCE AND GERMANY 
SINCE THE YEAR 1900 


5 


PAGE 


16 
18 


34 


46 


58 


63 





WATERPROOFING 
TEXTILE FABRICS 


CHAPTER 1. 


Introductory. 


Definition of Terms. 


A suitable text for a treatise on Waterproofing Textile 
Fabrics may well be the emphatic and oft-reiterated dec- 
laration of the president of a nationally known water- 
proofing concern that: “you can’t waterproof a hole,” 
for it will be shown that the imperviousness of a fabric 
to water varies more or less directly with the closeness 
of its pores, that is to say, the smallness of the “holes” 
in it. It is obvious that water can penetrate anywhere 
where air can, provided the pressure is great enough. 

A logical definition of the adjective waterproof is: 
“impervious to water under the conditions obtaining dur- 
ing use.” The dictionary definition is “impervious to 
water” and the dictionary definition of impervious is “not 
to be passed through or penetrated.” Manifestly then, 
no fabric is waterproof in the strict sense of the term 
unless it is free from holes large enough to permit water 
to penetrate at the maximum pressure to which the fabric 
may be subjected under the conditions of its exposure. 
Hence no fabric which is exposed to the considerable 
pressure of falling rain, driven by wind, can be said 
to be genuinely waterproof unless its pores or air holes 


7 


8 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


are permanently stopped up, or sufficiently reduced by an 
impervious filling or coating. 

Unfortunately the term “waterproofing” is used very 
loosely to describe fabrics which have been treated so 
as to become merely water-repellent or water-resistant, 
by processes which reduce the absorptive power of the 
fibers for water—often alluded to in the textile trade as 
“cravenetted.”’? A much better generic adjective to de- 
scribe such fabrics is: “water-resistant,” though for the 
purpose of this work the general title “waterproofing” 
will be taken to include the consideration of merely water- 
resisting processes. In the interests of clarity, however, 
waterproof will only be used where filling or coating is 
used, producing fabrics that become air-resistant also. 
Processes, on the other hand, which make no attempt to 
close or materially reduce the pores, leaving them more 
or less free to the passage of air will be referred to by 
the term water-resisting and the resulting fabrics will be 
described as water-resistant. 


Note, therefore, that in the following pages 


WATERPROOF means: 
IMPERVIOUS TO WATER, 
AND AIR-RESISTANT 


WATER-RESISTANT means: 
RESISTANT TO WATER 
AND POROUS TO AIR 


*The word “Cravenette” is registered as a trade mark in most of 
the countries of the world; but in the clothing industry of the United 
States it is used erroneously in a generic sense to describe rain- 
coatings treated by a water-resisting process, to distinguish them 
from rubberized cloths. 


CHAPTER a2. 


Basic Principles. 


Surface Tension. 


How does a fabric that is porous to air resist the 
penetration of water? The answer is: by the presence 
of substances in or on the fiber which have the property 
of properly changing the surface tension between the 
water and the substance of the fiber. To explain this 
reference is made to the following sketches Figures 1, 2, 
and 3. 





Fic. 1. 


Figure 1 shows the vertical section of a glass cylinder 
with a hole A, about one millimeter in diameter, bored 
through the glass close to the bottom. B is a quantity 
of water which does not flow through the hole A. That 


9 


IO WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


is because the walls of hole A have been covered with a 
fine layer of paraffin wax by moistening them with a 
solution of the wax in ether and allowing the ether to 
evaporate. Without the wax, the water would, of course, 
run away through the hole A. What holds the water 
back? The change in the surface tension between the 
water and the solid surface with which it is in contact. 
The surface tensions between water and glass on the one 
hand and water and wax on the other are so different that 
in the latter case the water is held back by the tension 
in the manner shown in Figure 2, which is an enlarged 


Fic, 2. 


vertical cross section of the hole A. The convex forma- 
tion of the water at c is similar to that produced when 
a glass of water is filled to the brim as in Figure 3. The 
surface of the water rises above the level of the edge of 
the glass and the tension of the surface D is so strong that 
a small needle thoroughly oiled can with care be floated 
on its surface. By sprinkling the surface of the water 
with zinc stearate, or some other powder capable of vary- 
ing the surface tension in the same direction, quite heavy 
objects such as a safety pin, for instance, can be floated on 
the surface. The same object smeared with soap, how- 
ever, thus varying the surface tension in the opposite di- 


BASICCPRINCIPLES II 


rection, could not be so floated because the surface would 
be broken. 

To return to the cylinder ; the height to which the water 
can be raised in B depends on three influences: (1) The 
length of the hole from a to b. The higher the level 
of the water is raised, the further towards a is the sur- 
face c of the water pushed. (2) The diameter of the 
hole A. The Jess the diameter the mea the water can 




















NIU 


























i) 


Fig. 3. 


be raised. (3) The efficacy of the substance used for 
coating the walls of the hole A in changing the surface 
tension. 

Similarly the resistance to penetration of a water-resist- 
ant rain coating, for instance, depends on: (1) The 
thickness of the fabric, i.e., the length of the pores or 
holes in the fabric. (2) The diameter of the pores or 
holes. (3) The pressure of the water to which the fabric 
is subjected. (4) The efficacy of the treatment given to 
the fabric. 


The thicker and closer the weave of the fabric, the 


12 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


greater will be its resistance to the penetration of water. 
The greater the pressure of the water due to wind, to 
the momentum of the rain drops or to other physical pres- 
sure, the less will be the water resistance of the fabric. 
That is why a light weight raincoat, the cloth of which 
has been treated with a water-resisting process, withstands 
the penetration of a light shower or gentle rain, but per- 
mits part of a heavy rain or shower driven by a stiff 
squall to seep through the shoulders. 


Permanence. 


The undoubted deterioration with age in the resistance 
of water-resistant fabrics is often attributed by the un- 
initiated to the “evaporation of the waterproofing sub- 
stances away from the fabric.” It is, of course, due to 
the fact that common dirts all have the opposite effect 
on the surface tension to that of the water-resisting agents 
and, consequently, the dirtier a fabric gets, the less it 
resists penetration. The author has exposed a piece of 
raincoat fabric, treated so as to have a brisk water resist- 
ance, for three weeks on a factory roof in winter and 
found at the end of that time that the water resistance 
had disappeared. That is to say, the exposed fabric, 
on testing, resisted no better than a sample of the same 
fabric which had not been water-resisted. It was, of 
course, very much soiled by the effects of the soft coal 
smoke. 

It is nevertheless quite certain that some of the for- 
mulz used for the purpose of water resistance do undergo 
physical or chemical changes on continued exposure to 
clean air which cause deterioration in the water resist- 
ance. Thus, anyone wishing to find out which of a 
number of formulz are best for water resistance under 
practical conditions of wear and tear, should expose com- 
parative samples to clean, country air before testing them. 


CHAPTER 3. 


The Value of Water-Resisting Processes on 
Fabrics. 


Heavy Cottons. 


Ducks and canvas goods should never be used as 
paulins or covers without a treatment of some kind. A 
thorough impregnation with a heavy water-resisting mix- 
ture containing mildew-resisting substances is highly de- 
sirable, not only to resist penetration of water but to resist 
the added weight caused by absorption of water and to 
prevent the formation of mildew after absorption of 
water. The quantity and quality of these treatments is 
unfortunately largely determined by the method of buying 
waterproofing pursued by manufacturers, who in general 
buy price rather than value. Waterproofing treatments 
can be purchased by the trade today which will prevent 
the penetration of water under the severest possible con- 
ditions to which the article can be subjected and which 
will resist mildew under the worst of adverse influences. 
But such a treatment costs more money than most manu- 
facturers are willing to pay. The result is that water- 
proofing, like paint, can be purchased at a wide range of 
prices and there is just as much “bunk” used in the sell- 
ing of the one as the other. 

There is a great need of a trade association of cotton 
waterproofers to standardize processes and tests and to 
banish from the trade, formulz and treatments which do 
not give results that can be shown to be of dollars-and- 

13 


14 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


cents value to the ultimate user of the goods. If such an 
association were formed, waterproofings could be graded 
according to cost and the manufacturer educated to the 
fact that all duck and canvas should be waterproofed 
and that the treatment should be selected in accordance 
with the severity of exposure to which the manufactured 
articles are liable to be subjected. As it is, there is no 
attempt whatever at cooperation amongst waterproofers, 
who are consequently forced to cut profits down to the 
limit of insignificance and resort to all kinds of tricks 
to obtain business. 

One waterproofer A has been using the same processes 
without change for forty years, during which time no 
manufacturer has ever troubled to find out whether the 
goods treated by him really were waterproof or mildew- 
proof.. These processes continue to be sold because, in 
the words of the waterproofer, ‘“‘they have stood the test 
of time.” The “test of time’ fell down very badly under 
observation of army authorities during the World War! 

Another waterproofer B—more careful and conscien- 
tious in the matter of testing—after developing a process 
which really was calculated to give satisfactory results 
to the ultimate consumer, was “forced” by price com- 
petition to cut down important ingredients and to deliver 
to the manufacturer a treatment which he knew was 
neither sufficiently water-resisting nor mildew-proof. The 
only comfort he could have had was probably the knowl- 
edge that the process, the price of which he had to meet, 
was, if anything, more deficient than his. 

Each of these types of waterproofer, A or B, guards 
his secret processes most jealously and believes them to 
be valuable, although they earn little profit for him. 
If they would all get together in a national association, 
the manufacturer could be educated to buy values, A 
would improve his processes, B would supply better treat- 


WATER-RESISTING PROCESSES 15 


ments, both would make much more money and the ulti- 
mate consumer would be better protected from water and 
mildew. 


Clothing. 


It seems extraordinary that in this day and age of 
scientific development, manufacturers, dyers, and finishers 
turn out the fabrics, which go to make the clothing we 
wear, in such a state that they are well-nigh as absorbent 
as blotting paper to one of the most prevalent natural 
elements: water. 

During the war, millions of soldiers tramped through 
the drizzle carrying two to four pounds of quite unneces- 
sary weight in the form of water absorbed by their woolen 
overcoats. Hundreds of tons of water were carried about 
in this way and a corresponding quantity of human 
energy was wasted. ‘This could have been reduced 70 
per cent by proper treatment of the woolens at a cost of 
less than a dollar per man. 

In peace time millions of dollars’ worth of women’s 
fabrics are soiled and spoiled by absorption through acci- 
dental contact in the course of ordinary wear with water 
or aqueous liquids. It is not necessary to point out the 
desirability and value of water-resisting treatments on 
such fabrics. It is in this field that scientific research and 
cooperative endeavor are most required. 

Under present conditions, more or less heavy woolens 
are being treated for coats and sports’ wear, while silks 
and light dress goods can be successfully water-resisted— 
without change in either porosity or appearance where the 
previous processes of finishing allow. But all the treat- 
ments are either removed entirely or greatly deteriorated 
by the process of dry-cleaning, which is growing so rap- 
idly in popular favor. Further consideration of this im- 
portant subject will be found in Chapter 9. 


CHAPTER 4. 


Processes under Consideration. 


Only processes that are or have been in practical use 
on the large scale in the United States, Great Britain, 
Austria and France will be mentioned in succeeding chap- 
ters. Most of the patents that have been taken out on 
the subject of this work are ignored, except in Chapter 10, 
for the very good reasons that they are either infringe- 
ments of previously known processes that were never 
patented or else that the processes they describe have 
never reached practical employment on the large scale. 
The reader will doubtless agree that laboratory or small- 
scale processes or emergency war formule which have 
never been tested for cost and practicability as large-scale 
operations are of no present practical use to him. Apart 
from the brief expounding in Chapter 2, of the scientific 
principles underlying the arts of waterproofing and water- 
resisting, the reader, it is presumed, is not likely to gather 
much) useful information from mere theory. Comnse- 
quently, an effort has been made to constitute this work 
as practical a guide to those arts as is possible through 
the medium of printers’ ink. 

The successful waterproofing of fabrics is as much an 
art as the dyeing, though the technique of the former is 
less difficult of acquirement and requires less natural apti- 
tude. It is believed that the information in this book is 
sufficient to enable any practical textile mill man or dyer 
to start waterproofing or water-resisting by one of the 
simpler processes, if he has the assistance of someone who 

16 


Proc hosLS UNDER CONSIDERATION — 17 


has had practical experience in the art of handling any 
large-scale textile piece-goods processes. 

No trade-marks, trade names or names of waterproof- 
ing concerns will be used in connection with processes 
described for the reason that trade secrets will be dis- 
closed without damage to the owners. These secrets 
generally consist more in specific technique than in the 
general principles underlying formule and application. 

The processes will be considered under the two broad 
classifications of the articles into which waterproof and 
water-resistant fabrics are made, namely: Heavy Cottons 
and Clothing. Under Heavy Cottons are included all 
the cotton fabrics out of which paulins, tarpaulins, wagon 
covers, dunnage, etc., are made. Clothing will include 
garments and sporting goods, but not goods made of rub- 
berized fabrics. 

The subject of applying rubber to fabrics is an art by 
itself not generally included in the consideration of water- 
proofing, yet, paradoxical as it may appear, properly rub- 
berized fabrics make the only genuinely waterproof cloth- 
ing, outside of oil-skins and garments made of oil-coated 
fabrics. The size of this work necessarily limits the treat- 
ment of the art of coating fabrics. Although a coating 
of some kind is the only means of making Heavy Cottons 
genuinely waterproof, the large bulk of the fabrics in- 
cluded under that heading are not coated, but merely 
strongly impregnated by water-resisting processes. The 
processes described as for Heavy Cottons will therefore 
be found to be mainly water-resisting impregnations in 
which mildew resistance is if anything more important 
to the manufacturer than water-resistance. Those de- 
scribed under Clothing will be all water-resisting. 


CHAPTER «. 


Processes for Heavy Cotton Goods. 


Table 1 shows a complete analysis of the main proc- 
esses in use in America, Great Britain and France on 
heavy cotton ducks for the purpose of providing water 
and mildew (rot) resistance on tarpaulins, wagon covers 
and similar covers used for protecting goods and machin- 
ery from the weather. Table 2 describes briefly the 
processes which stood up best under the United States 
Government tests for water and mildew resistance. In 
each case the machinery required is indicated as well as 
the number of operations and the cost. The last column 
shows the behavior of the treated duck towards the sew- 
ing operations necessary in making covers and in trim- 
ming the edges of tarpaulins. 

In the following pages some of the more important 
formulz and processes are given in detail. 


Coating Processes. 


English Black Oil Coating. 


The goods are given one impregnation in a bath and 
three coats are brushed on by hand, the following formula 
being used throughout : 


Double boiled baltic linseed oil..... 40 gal. 
Vegetable black (very light)....... 94 lbs. 


The oil is prepared as follows: 
18 


PROCESSES FOR. HEAVY ‘COTTON GOODS 19 


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WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


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PROCESSES FOR HEAVY COTTON GOODS 21 





























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22 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


For every 100 gallons of the baltic linseed oil, use 7% 
Ibs. of red lead. Heat in an iron kettle over a coke or 
gas fire to about 555° F. and maintain at that temper- 
ature for one to two hours depending on the grade and 
character of the oil. In some cases where a quicker 
drying is desired about 2 lbs. of cobalt linoleate is also 
added. 


The application is in the following order: 


1. The gray duck is run through the impregnation bath 
and squeeze rollers. 

2. The impregnated duck is hung up in a room open to 
the air. Artificial high temperatures would give 
surface drying and must not be used. The drying 
requires from one to four days depending on the 
oil, the temperature and the humidity of the atmos- 
phere. ) 

The goods are cut up into the sizes desired. 

4. Each length is pulled across a table forty feet long 
and four feet wide and the mixture brushed on by 
men standing on both sides of the table. The 
lengths are then hung up to dry. 

5. The same as (4) but on the back of the goods. 

6. An extra coat the same as (4) and (5) is applied to 
the face of the goods. 


oa 


The total weight added to the square yard by this 
process is about one and one-half pounds. This process 
cannot be hurried. Speeding up the drying would result 
in crackiness and increase the liability to spontaneous 
combustion. Applied to a flax duck, it forms the high- 
grade covers used in Great Britain for railroad cars and 
commercial trucks. The results are genuinely water- 
proof. 


PROCESSES FOR HEAVY COTTON GOODS 23 


French Tarpaulins. 


The lengths of duck are suspended vertically over a 
large trough and a soft boiling hot creosote tar run on 
to them through a hose. The tar is brushed in with 
large brushes and the paulins are spread on the ground 
in the open air and left for several days to oxidize. They 
are finally sprinkled and brushed with fine sand, after 
which they are ready for use. The appearance of these 
paulins is very crude, but the French Army authorities 
claim that they have good wearing qualities and long life. 


American Oil Coating. 


This is applied by machinery and, therefore, costs much 
less than either the English or the French. A good 
formula is: 


2 SALW OST 6) 7 Se 50 lbs 
LE 1 2g eS ee gee re a a 10 lbs 
cope 4 Tee MG Re roca eae 10 lbs 
eR eat foo! Leh ecg Ss Ge sile, 9 6) «8 5 lbs. 
EEA SS aa ce t lb 

Pecrorenini SOIVENt .. sc cs nese ees os 24 lbs 


The ingredients are agitated to form a thick emulsion 
which is applied in four coats on a coating mill—two 
coats on each side of the duck. The coating mill con- 
sists of a roller covered with wire carding which pulls 
the fabric under a steel doctor knife, behind which the 
emulsion is poured. After leaving the knife the fabric 
is guided on to an automatic hanging rack which fes- 
toons it in a long room heated and ventilated to dry and 
oxidize the coating. 

The three processes above described are real water- 
proofing processes which close all the pores of the cloth. 


24: WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


The following are heavy water-resisting processes that 
impregnate the fibers and partially close the pores. 


Impregnation Processes. 


Asphaltic Base—Molten State. 


This is the most economical way of heavily impregnat- 
ing, as no solvents have to be used. It is also a thor- 
oughly good asphalt base process and has been highly 
recommended. 

The following materials are melted together in a 
kettle over a gas fire: 


Gilsonite 4... kor eee ee 40 lbs. 
Pitch 6, :5.03 sve ae 30 Ibs. 
scale wax M.-P Tio. a eee 15 Ibs 
Paraitin oil). oo. a ee 5 Ibs. 
Creosote oil 0. - te 5 lbs. 
Copper linoleate... 5 eee eee 5 lbs. 
Ineredients “for each. ..\.. eee 100 Ibs. 


The molten mass is run into a spreading machine con- 
sisting of a heated tank holding 300 gallons, kept at 
a temperature of 250 to 300° F. by gas burners under- 
neath, in which a steel drum revolves with about one- 
fifth of its periphery above the level of the liquid. 
Against the periphery of the drum revolves a spreading 
roller which applies the molten liquid to the fabric 
stretched against it, the excess being scraped off by a 
doctor knife. The fabric is passed twice over the spread- 
ing roller—once on each side—at a speed of 55 yards 
to the minute, being folded on to a truck after each pas- 
sage. After the two coats, the goods are pulled over 


PROCESSES FOR HEAVY COTTON GOODS 25 


a semi-circular plate heated underneath with gas flames 
to cause the compound to penetrate into the fibers of the 
cloth. This machine is a hollow half cylinder about 
5 feet high, 12 feet long and 65 inches wide. The sur- 
face on which the cloth is run is heated to 400 to 500° F. 
by two large gas burners, the excess heat going up a 
ventilating stack. The goods run at a speed of 25 yards 
per minute, the contact with the plate lasting about 20 
seconds. The goods leave the machine at about 225° F. 
and their temperature is about 140° F. when folded on 
the receiving truck. 


Asphaltic Base—Solutions. 


The following formule have been applied with suc- 
cess and for a cheap grade of treatment are recommended. 
They are applied on a mangle, the goods being squeezed 
between rollers at a pressure which leaves solution in 
the cloth to the extent of about 50 per cent of the weight 
of the cloth. The asphalt or pitch must be free from 
clay (or any colloids) to produce the best water-resist- 
ance. The best kinds of asphalt are Bermudez and Gil- 
sonite; but the residues from asphaltic petroleum crudes 
were largely used during the World War and gave excel- 
lent results. Stearine pitch is the residue obtained in 
the distillation of cotton-seed oil. The addition of copper 
oleate increases the mildew resistance, but, except for 
ducks intended for ground sheets, the formule give a 
fair degree of mildew resistance. 

The following gives a nice olive drab shade and a 
soft finish very suitable for sewing. 


Mpemmidez asphalt ........2)5 664% 210 Ibs. 
meron wax M,.P. 1308) 23) 3.3 3: go lbs. 
OO UG) | aR Om ao eNO, go lbs. 


Reser silid. SOLVENT 035.505 pices asides as 400 Ibs. 


26 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


A good olive drab color and a high degree of mildew 
resistance are obtained by the following. The castor 
oil is used for the sake of producing a soft fimsh. 


Stearine pitch (non-saponifiable)... 100 Ibs. 
BeeS Wa x0 i cases oie: stress ene cee nea 30 Ibs. 
Gépper: oleateie oc wee ae 15 lbs. 
Castor oily) ct eee eee 25 \bs. 
Naphtha’ ‘solvent. 25. Sues ae 50 lbs. 


A somewhat cheaper formula producing a good brown 
shade: 


Gilsonite: soos. 0 ese eae ok eee 100 lbs 
Yellow scale wax..ci/t ieee ae 42 Ibs 
Spindle oil). 502055 hae 15 lbs. 
Naphtha’ solvent). )020so 5 4. 180 lbs. 


The following formula was largely used on cotton 
duck purchased by the American Army for paulins dur- 
ing the early months of America’s participation in the 
World War. 


Trinidad asphalttm V5.0 ..5- ee 50 lbs. 
Neutral wood tar... Sie eee 200 lbs. 
Parafiinwax-. 3s 3 cas ee eee 100 lbs 
Naphtha ‘solvent, i... nee 500 lbs 


The gray duck was run through this bath, squeezed 
between rollers and dried in an automatic hanging drier. 

The American Army’s own formula applied to paulins 
by hand with sprinkling cans and stiff brushes: 


Neutral wood ‘tar. .) 2382 eee 300 lbs. 
Paraffin’ wax vi. V7 ooh ee ee 100 lbs. 
Dried: green pigmentiiain see 25 lbs. 


Naphtha or other available solvent.. 350 lbs. 


PROCESSES FOR HEAVY COTTON GOODS 27 


The tar and wax were melted together in a large caul- 
dron and the solvent added. Wood tar is the residue 
left in the stills in preparing wood alcohol. 

Neither of these formule were sufficiently mildew re- 
sistant, but in practice, the resistance to water was satis- 
factory. 

There are many variations of these formulz on the 
market, many of which are decidedly deficient in both 
water and mildew resistance. It is most desirable that 
the waterproofers cooperate with a view to adopting a 
standard asphaltum base treatment of proved resistance 
to water and mildew. The following points should be 
carefully observed: 

1. The composition applied must be chemically neutral 
and free from any acid which could tend to weaken 
the fabric. 

2. The threads of the fabric must be thoroughly satur- 
ated with the compound. 

3. The compound must not be in the least soluble in 
water. 

4. The process should not stiffen the cloth, but rather 
have a softening effect to assist the subsequent sew- 
ing operations. 

5. All solvents should be completely evaporated in order 
to avoid an unpleasant odor. 

6. Drying oils, linoleates, or other materials liable to 
cause spontaneous combustion, must not be used. 


Aluminum Acetate Process. 


This is very largely used in France and requires a 
great deal of labor to secure satisfactory results with- 
out any additional treatment. The dyed fabric, either 
cotton or flax, is run through a bath of basic aluminum 
acetate solution and rolled up wet without squeezing. 


28 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


This operation is repeated four times, the fabric being 
cuttled flat on a cloth truck after the fourth immersion 
and there allowed to drain off. The goods are then 
dried by hanging in festoons in a chamber provided with 
a gentle steam heat. During drying, direct exposure to 
sunlight should be avoided and high temperature should 
only be applied after the water has evaporated. 

The bath is prepared by mixing the following two 
solutions and allowing the precipitate of lead sulphate 
to settle down, the clear solution being applied to the 
cloth: 


Aluminum sulphate ......... 45 kilograms 
Water 7 5. tf on-.ct ereren 500 litres 
Lead acetate (brown)....... 70 kilograms 
Wester 50 oe ee eee 500 litres 


The precipitated sludge should not be thrown away. 
It can either be run into lead acetate barrels and allowed 
to dry out hard or it can be run through a filter press to 
recover the solution which it contains. The resulting 
cake in either case can be sold to lead smelters or to paint 
manufacturers. 

The quantities vary with the chemical concentration 
of the materials, but a very good guide as to the right 
proportion is the film produced by evaporating a sample 
of the finished solution in a watch glass. The film should 
be transparent and somewhat tough. If it is chalky and 
very brittle then too much aluminum sulphate has been 
used. For treating finer goods use an iron-free alumi- 
num sulphate and a white lead acetate in the proportion 
of 55 parts of aluminum sulphate to each 100 parts of 
lead acetate. 


PROCESSES FOR HEAVY COTTON GOODS 29 


Copper Processes. 


Under this heading, the two processes specially de- 
vised to load the fabric with copper salts are described. 
They are primarily intended for mildew resistance, but 
their water resistance is considerable. They are the 
only processes, apart from oil coatings and the one de- 
scribed in Chapter 9, which render the cotton or flax 
mildew-proof under all conditions of use. 


Copper Aluminum Formate Process. 


This is an English process which the British Govern- 
ment tests during the war showed to be as good as the 
copper-ammonia process and to give better wearing re- 
sults. It has the advantage over the latter of being 
applied on ordinary dye-house machinery and not need- 
ing any ammonia-recovery apparatus. It is devised to 
add six to eight grains of copper to the square foot of 
cloth. 

Three standard solutions are used and made up as 
follows: 


A—Copper Formate. 


MmcerSUIPHALE) be. ois 6 HA eS 64 Ibs. 
prepeee Crystals 394). 2s))70f To diekin oe 71 Ibs. 
Rp mneiCtya s U2 78 6). owiehe ort 28 Ibs. 
Water (as required)....... 200 to 500 gal. 


The copper sulphate and soda are dissolved separately 
and mixed. The precipitate is allowed to settle and 
the clear liquid is drawn off. The precipitate is dis- 
solved in the formic acid and diluted with water accord- 
ing to the quantity of copper desired per square foot of 
the cloth. 


30 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


B—Aluminum Formate. 


Aluminum ‘sulphate [ere ee 66 lbs. 
soda crystals 8a. ee eee 88 Ibs. 
Formiciacid ani. a aoa eene, eee 40 lbs. 


Precipitate the alumina with the soda and dissolve the 
precipitate in the formic acid. Dilute with water to a 
gravity of 2° Tw. 


C—Waxing Emulsion. 


Paraffin Swaxiur 3.48 acne 22 |bs. 
Com starch asic bau Semen eee 6 lbs. 
Soap (castile.or maphtha joy eee 3 Ibs. 
Watetac2hes alee (ih aids radia aa As required 


These ingredients are boiled together with agitation 
to form an emulsion. 

The following is the application in the dye house for 
8 grains copper per square yard of paulin duck, the 
goods being taken after dyeing. 

1. Impregnation thoroughly with a mixture of A and 
B as follows: 


44 gals. A (200 gals. strength) 
4 gals. B (2° Tw.) 


2. Dry over steam cans. 
3. Impregnate with: 


I gal. ammonia 0.829 spec. grav. 
8 gals. water 


4. Dry thoroughly over 36 steam cans in a box pro- 
vided with an exhaust fan to take away the ammonia 
fumes. 


PROCESSES FOR HEAVY COTTON GOODS 31 


5. Run through a steam-heated bath of C provided 
with steam-heated rollers. 

6. Dry over the steam cans. 

A solution of wax in naphtha, if practicable, can be sub- 
stituted for bath C with advantage. An asphaltic base 
can then be added as a substitute for the preliminary 
dyeing operation. This coloring effect can also be ob- 
tained by using the following emulsion instead of C. 


MOR i. « .<f~ vn 09/00 0 voy «'s 100 Ibs. 
on 2 a ten < 25 lbs. 
BO ECRSG eos eds oasis ow bo es 15 Ibs. 
Pere eee COL: PUIG. ile eg ee oe e's 20 Ibs. 
Soap (castile or naphtha)......... 15 lbs. 
a ons oe ane t dhe ee 06 75 gals. 


The Cuprammonium Process. 


This consists in passing the cotton goods through a 
solution of copper or copper hydrate in ammonia and 
then, after squeezing out the excess of liquid, subjecting 
the fabric to very hot air. The solution dissolves some 
of the cellulose of the fiber and, on drying, a film is 
left on the fiber having a characteristic blue-green color 
and a considerable gloss. 

The process has been in use in England and Austria 
for forty years or more and was introduced to this coun- 
try about the year 1916. The mildew resistance is high 
and water resistance good, but the great objections to 
this process are its high cost and the fact that prolonged 
exposure to sunlight bleaches and disintegrates the film, 
thus destroying the water resistance. 

The solution can be made by allowing ammonia of 0.91 
specific gravity to trickle over copper turnings. It can 
also be prepared by precipitating copper sulphate with 
caustic soda, washing the precipitate very thoroughly and 


32 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


dissolving it in ammonia, using about 1 lb. of ammonia 
to every ounce of copper sulphate. In either case, a 
copper strength of from 1%4 to 2 per cent is desirable. 

Figure 4 shows two cross sections, A and B, of the 
plant used in Austria, where a particularly fine finish is 
obtained. 

The goods pass through impregnating tank (a) and 
squeeze rolls (b) which are no different from those 
found in most dye houses. From (b) they go into the 
drying chamber (c) with its arrangements of fire-heated 
flues and carrying-rollers for the passage of the goods, 
which are drawn out of the drying chamber and folded 
at (d). The drying chamber is provided at (e) with 
shutters with which the temperature and air supply can 
be regulated and through which the ammonia driven off 
the fabric escapes. 

In the modern plants in America and England, steam 
coils are substituted for the direct fire flues and an am- 
monia recovery plant is added. To obtain uniform and 
best results a very close chemical and physical control 
of the process is necessary. 


PROCESSES FOR HEAVY COTTON GOODS 33 


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Fic. 4. 


CHAPTER 6. 


Processes for Clothing Fabrics. 


The processes used for “‘showerproofing’’ the woolens, 
silks and lightweight cottons used in making clothing as 
at present universally practised, consist, for the most 
part, in different methods of applying small quantities 
of paraffin wax to the fabric in such a manner that it is 
evenly distributed and invisible to the naked eye. The 
addition of scale wax or vaseline to soften the wax is 
often resorted to and other substances are added for spe- 
cial purposes, such as, for instance, the procuring of the 
permanent invisibility of the treatment on silk goods. A 
preparatory treatment with a weak aluminum acetate 
bath is used by some concerns to reinforce the water re- 
sistance and make it more permanent. 

A refined paraffin wax with a melting point of about 
135° F. is generally used, either without addition or 
with a softening wax, oil or grease. The wax is applied 
to the cloth by one of four methods: 


I. Spreading a solution in gasoline or naphtha. 
2. Rubbing the fabric against the solid. wax. 

3. Spraying the molten wax. 

4. Impregnating with an emulsion. 


(1) Spreading. 

The spreading method is used universally for silks, 
pure paraffin wax, often softened with vaseline or heavy 
mineral oil, being employed. The wax compound is 

34 


PROCESSES FOR CLOTHING FABRICS 35 


melted and run into deodorized gasoline—about 4 to 7 
volumes of wax to 100 of solvent. Benzol is used in 
place of gasoline (“benzine’’) and sometimes carbon 
tetrachloride is mixed liberally with either of these sol- 
vents to procure uninflammability. The solution is poured 
into a trough in which an idler roller is half immersed. 
The fabric is passed over this roller at a tension, absorb- 
ing the solution as it revolves the roller, and then goes on 
to drying cylinders, a drying frame, or an automatic 
hanging machine in a space well heated with steam pipes 
and provided with an exhaust ventilating system. 


(2) Rubbing. 


The rubbing method is commonly used for woolens 
and light cottons. The paraffin wax is softened by addi- 
tions of scale wax or vaseline and cast into huge bars 
slightly wider than the width of the cloth and three to 
four inches thick. The bar is held in a frame which 
supports it in a vertical position. The cloth passes over 
a steam box and then at a variable tension under the bar 
where it rubs off a small quantity of the wax more or 
less evenly and passes on to a steam calender which melts 
the wax and “irons’’ it in. 

The best form of this machine is one in use in Boston, 
which consists of a drum supporting five frames each 
holding a wax bar. This drum is revolved at a fair 
speed and the goods are drawn over the bars at a ten- 
sion which can be regulated. This arrangement gives a 
more even distribution than can be attained by the use 
of a single bar. 


(3) Spraying. 


The spraying machine consists of a row of small ver- 
tical pipes immersed in a tank of molten wax, the mouth 


36 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


of each pipe being adjusted against a small steam nozzle. 
High-pressure steam causes a spray of molten wax, be- 


il 


an “I 


a SSAA iE 






~ 


SEEri&&hnhnn&nhnhnhhhhh hhh] MAAS 


17 


fore which the cloth is drawn. The sprays are enclosed 
in a large box exhausted by a fan. From the spraying 
box the goods pass on to drying cylinders where the solid 


PROCESSES FOR CLOTHING FABRICS 37 


powder deposited when the spray strikes the cloth, is 
melted into the fibers. 


(4) Emulsion. 


The emulsion method of applying paraffin wax has 
been described in the chapter on Heavy Cotton Processes. 
Variations of it are used to some extent in “showerproof- 
ing” fine fabrics, but the emulsion is not good enough 
to give the even distribution of the wax which is neces- 
sary on such goods and this method is not to be recom- 
mended unless applied with the aid of special machinery. 

The writer has seen a machine in operation on fine 
woolen goods which successfully applied an emulsion of 
plain paraffin wax and hot water. A front-view sketch 
of this installation is seen in Figure 5, while the sectional 
drawing in Figure 6 shows the run of the goods and the 
arrangement of the trough. 

A is the trough of an ordinary padding machine pro- 
vided with gutters B, B’ running the length of the trough 
on each side. These take the overflow from trough A and 
are connected by pipes C, C’ with a small tank D which 
is exhausted by a rotary pump E raising the emulsion 
to a circular tank F provided with an agitator and steam 
coils. A pipe G leads from the tank F to a centrifugal 
mixer H into which also runs a pipe leading molten wax 
from a heated tank L. Both pipes leading into the mixer 
_H are provided with stop cocks to regulate the flow of 
emulsion and wax respectively into the mixer. Pipes M, 
N and N’ lead the emulsion from the mixer H to a spray 
pipe O arranged to spray the emulsion right into the nip 
of the squeeze rollers P and Q. An air pipe R is con- 
nected to the end of pipe M. 

The goods are threaded in the machine as indicated 
by the dotted line in the cross section shown in Figure 6. 
The tank F is filled with water, which is heated by the 


38 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


steam coils to nearly boiling point. The mixer H is 
started and the cocks in pipes G and K opened to the ex- 
tent dictated by experience. As soon as the spray O is 
flowing freely, the rollers P and Q are started, the pipe 
from the tank L supplying the wax to the emulsion as it 








ea 
aaa ee ee 
PAP LTLLLA LL Lia a 

EE VAT AE ET aS 
ea ES Oe = 









Fic. 6. 


is taken up by the goods, which are batched on a roller 
working on roller P. The quantity of wax applied to 
the goods is regulated to a nicety by the cock in the pipe 
leading from the tank L containing the molten wax. By 
keeping the tank F at a temperature of about 180° F., 
the machine applies the wax quite evenly to the cloth, 
which is afterwards dried on a cylinder drying machine. 


PROCESSES FOR CLOTHING FABRICS — 39 


Sundry Processes. 


An Emulsion Process for Woolens. 


The following is an emulsion formula for woolens 
which produces not only perfectly even results but also a 
beautifully soft finish. The substitution of Japan wax 
for paraffin results in an emulsion which does not sepa- 
rate out in the slightest during application to the cloth 
and can be kept in emulsion indefinitely in a moderately 
warm state. This formula can, however, only be appled 
on woolens that are dyed perfectly fast to alkal. 


RRM EME Fle, atest. 56! ty. Wad 6 ha ele d's 0's 25 gals. 
RePe MIO WUSOAY. 6 eee ke de es 5 lbs. 
Sodium silicate (water glass)....... 4 Ibs. 
PMIRIERITIEINALC Gs ee kd se ees 5 lbs. 
foe wos (mOlten)... see yp ee ks 4% lbs 


Boil the water and add the ingredients in the above 
order with stirring, boiling all the time. Finally, make 
up to 40 gallons with water and keep hot. 

To treat 1,000 yards of six-quarter woolen piece goods, 
add 15 gallons of the above mixture to 4o gallons of 
water in a padding machine geared to run 70 yards to 
the minute, bringing the temperature to 100° F. and 
_ maintaining it there. Run the goods once. Then add 
10 gallons of the mixture and run twice. Add 5 gallons 
and run twice more. Let the goods lie in fold for a few 
hours and run six times through a padding machine 
geared to 120 yards to the minute and charged with a 
strong solution of aluminum sulphate. Finally wash off 
in another padding machine, one run hot and one run 
cold water. 

This is an expensive process to run and is only appli- 


40 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


cable to the more expensive fast dyed goods; but it gives 
a better finish and a finer water-resistance than anything 
the writer has seen on woolens. 


The Soap and Alum Process. 


Sometime about one hundred years ago when it was 
invariably the custom to produce honest-to-goodness 
waterproofing by coating or filling the fabric, a dyer was 
given a soap-scoured but imperfectly rinsed piece of 
woolen to dye with a dyestuff requiring an alum mor- 
dant. After the alum bath the goods had to be dried to 
wait a few days for a dye bath. On trying to dye the 
goods, the dyer found that his dye would not “take” 
properly, but that the fabric had a considerable resistance 
to the absorption of water. Thus started the first water- 
resistant treatment and variations of the soap and alum 
process have been in constant use to this day. 

By this process, the fibers are impregnated more or 
less thoroughly with a mixture of aluminum stearate, 
aluminum oleate and potassium sulphate. In spite of the 
fact that the presence of soluble potassium sulphate in the 
fiber reduces the water-resisting effect, it is only com- 
paratively recently that sulphate of alumina was substi- 
tuted for potash alum, thus eliminating the soluble salt. 

In recent years a revival of this ancient process secured 
the backing of Wall Street financers with the aid of the 
ancient, but, to the uninitiated, startling demonstration 
made by pouring water gently on to a piece of cotton mos- 
quito netting without any of it running through the holes 
in the fabric. The inventor had a wonderful theory of 
osmotic pressure and an elaborate apparatus consisting 
of aluminum rollers and carbon plates consuming enor- 
mous quantities of electric current as anode and kathode. 
The process is in effect a precipitation of aluminum 


PROCESSES FOR CLOTHING FABRICS 41 


acetate by soap which could be produced more effectively 
and much more cheaply with a series of heavy squeeze 
rollers. This process has been advertised as an “electric” 
process suitable for woolen fabrics; but it has never 
made any headway because of the fact that in order to 
obtain adequate water resistance, it is necessary so to 
load the fabric as to interfere with the finish and tailoring 
properties of the cloth. 

The mosquito netting demonstration is frequently em- 
ployed in promoting so-called “waterproofing” processes. 
The reader can produce it for himself by dissolving one 
part by volume of molten paraffin wax in twenty parts 
of gasoline, soaking the netting in the solution and evapo- 
rating off the solvent. The chances are that the resulting 
test will be more striking than that demonstrated to him. 


CHAPTER 7. 


Formule for the Farmer. 


Amongst the numerous “waterproofing” and “mildew- 
proofing” preparations offered to the farmer and ranch- 
owner only one or two really have merit in the direction 
of materially increasing the efficiency and wearing qual- 
ity of the cotton ducks they use for awnings, wagon 
covers and tents. 

The Leather and Paper Laboratory of the United 
States Department of Agriculture in Farmers’ Bulletin 
1157 give some practical formule and a method of appli- 
cation which have been given a very thorough series of 
tests. 

Ducks so treated will be found to resist wetting very 
materially and though they cannot be said to be mildew- 
proof in the strict sense of the word—and the farmer 
should take care not to fold them when wet—yet their 
mildew resistance is sufficient to increase their life. 
Formule Nos. I, 3 and 4 will undoubtedly double the life 
of the duck and No. 2 should treble it. 


FORMULA I. 
Lbs. 
Amorphous mineral wax or crude petrolatum..... 7% 
Yellow beeswax. si... iv4. . vs Sele oe I 
Refined Bermudez Lake asphalt)).....7 2 1% 


Solvent: 3 gals. gasoline and 2 gals. kerosene. 
42 


FORMULZ FOR THE FARMER 43 


FORMULA 2, 
Lbs. 
Petroleum asphalt (medium hard) or Bermudez 
EME en ScD gts hacs sy ae ¢ dieles ss 0 as 6 
Neutral or extracted oat PLCUGG tee elite see 2yV 
EE ECUTNICAL i. cies pels viele ev gee ce es 1% 
Solvent: 3 gals. gasoline and 2 gals. kerosene. 
FORMULA 3. 
Lbs. 
Amorphous mineral wax or crude petrolatum..... 84 
RIN iso e a 5) s) adie eg os w ae's\ od We wes a 0s 1% 
Solvent: 3 gals. gasoline and 2 eae kerosene. 
FORMULA 4. 
Lbs. 
Amorphous mineral wax or crude petrolatum..... 6% 
ROCESS WSs Ailes sw ale to's tes Bir ae Gn 14 
ON es ei De SLi Fed UE aia gn Ae 2 


Solvent: 3 gals. gasoline and 2 eals, kerosene. 


Applications of mixtures made by Formulas 1 and 2 
give the canvas a dark brownish color, while those made 
according to Formulas 3 and 4 give it a light buff to 
khaki color. The first two are preferable for all pur- 
poses where a dark color is not objectionable. 

The amorphous wax referred to in the formulas is a 
soft grease-like mineral “wax” obtained as a by-product 
in refining chilled cylinder-oil stocks by means of cen- 
trifugal machines, and is very similar to dark petrolatum, 
except that it is more viscous and has a higher melting 
point. The substitution for it of dark or amber petro- 
latum will not materially change the results. Lead oleate 
is an insoluble metallic soap, which is added to improve 


44. WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


water-resistance as well as mildew-proof. The kero- 
sene is added not only to decrease the cost, but to reduce 
the volatility of the solvent, thus making the mixture 
spread better. All of these materials may be purchased, 
but not always from local dealers. Amorphous mineral 
wax or crude petrolatum (sometimes called petroleum 
grease) may be secured from dealers in oils and greases. 
The asphalts are obtainable from dealers in roofing ma- 
terials. At present it probably is impossible to buy the 
wool grease from local dealers. This material, as well 
as amorphous mineral wax, however, may be ordered 
from wholesale dealers in oils and greases or tanners’ 
supplies, through hardware stores, or through dealers in 
agricultural supplies and implements. Lead oleate, which 
also is not sold by small dealers, must be ordered from 
manufacturers of chemicals through local druggists or 
paint dealers, who will also supply beeswax. 


Mixing the Materials. 


Weigh out the solid materials in proper proportions, 
place them in a kettle or can, and melt slowly and care- — 
fully at as low a temperature as possible, with constant 
stirring. When the mixture has completely melted, re- 
move to a safe distance from the fire, and pour it slowly, 
with constant stirring, into the proper quantity of sol- 
vent (a mixture of 3 parts by volume of gasoline and 2 
parts by volume of kerosene), using 5 gallons of this 
solvent to 10 pounds of the mixture. This should be 
done with free ventilation, preferably out of doors. 

In the preparation of mixtures by Formulas 1 and 2 
there is sometimes a separation of asphalt that does not 
mix uniformly with the solution upon stirring or shak- 
ing. In such cases allow the mixture to stand a day or 
so, with occasional stirring, before applying it to the 





? 
oN 
' 
‘ 
. 
- 
x. 
* 
\ 
. 
‘ 
. 





FORMULA FOR THE FARMER 45 


canvas. In other cases where the material settles to the 
bottom of the container or thickens, it will be necessary 
to warm the mixture just before applying it to the canvas. 
This must be done in the open air by placing the open 
container in a tub or can of hot water. Be sure that the 
container is open, and never place it over or near a flame. 


Application. 


The mixture must be thoroughly stirred before and 
during application, in order to keep the undissolved ma- 
terial in suspension. These preparations may be applied 
to the canvas by means of a paint brush or by spraying. 
One method is shown in Figure 7. Wagon covers, shock 
covers, etc., may be treated best by stretching the canvas 
against the side of a barn or attaching it to a frame and 
applying the material with a brush, as shown in Figure 
7. Once the canvas is fixed in position, no more time 
is required to treat it than is necessary to apply a first 
coat of paint to a rough board siding having the same 
area. Much time may be saved in treating large paulins 
and standing tents by applying the material with a spray 
pump, with which a pressure of at least 50 pounds is 
developed. Some loss of material, however, results from 
this method. 

The experience of the Department has been that one 
coat applied to one side of the canvas is usually sufficient. 
When one coat is applied to one side, using the strength 
of solution as given in the formulas, there will be an in- 
crease in weight of from 31% to 4% ounces per square 
yard. Ten pounds of the material and 5 gallons of the 
solvent will treat about 40 square yards of canvas. 


CHAPTER 8. 


Testing Water Resistance. 


Many and varied are the tests which have been devised 
for estimating the extent of water resistance applied to 
fabrics by the various waterproofing concerns. None 
have been so strange as that applied by a certain clothier 
who proved that a certain water-resistant treatment ap- 
plied to woolen coating was less waterproof than the 
untreated cloth. He piled the treated and untreated 
goods respectively in two piles with possibly fifty layers 
of cloth in each. At the top of each pile he punched 
with his fist to form a depression in the cloth, into which 
he poured a glass of water. Then he took a large wooden 
mallet and brought it down with all his force on the top 
of the water lying on the top of the pile. This heroic 
treatment was followed by an inspection of the layers of 
cloth to find out how many layers down the water had 
penetrated. He found that the penetration went twice as 
far in the case of the treated goods. The reason was, of 
course, that the power of absorption of the treated fibers 
was much reduced, permitting the water to be forced 
through more layers until it was all absorbed, whereas the 
‘same quantity of water was absorbed much sooner by the 
top layers of the treated cloth. 

Not quite so foolish, but equally illogical, tests both on 
clothing and on heavy cottons have been proposed from 
time to time and no effort was made to compare and 
standardize all the proposed tests until under the exigen- 
cies created by the World War, the Leather and Paper 

46 


TESTING WATER RESISTANCE 47 


Laboratory of the United States Department of Agri- 
culture turned their attention to the subject. They 
evolved a modified funnel test and a modified spray test, 
simple and quick in execution and yielding more informa- 
tion in the water resistance of cotton duck than any of 
the other existing tests which they tried. Messrs. F. P. 
Veitch and T. D. Jarrell describe these two tests as fol- 
lows: 


Modified Funnel Test. 


Cut a piece of the fabric one foot square, weigh, crum- 
ple thoroughly in the hand and place in an 800-cc. beaker 
and soak in distilled water at from 70 to 80° F. for 
24 hours, removing, straightening out and recrumpling 
4 or 5 times during this period. Remove from the water, 
straighten out and dry in oven at 45° C. for 24 hours. 
Hang in laboratory over night. Crumple, resoak in dis- 
tilled water, and dry at 45° C. for 24 hours and hang in 
laboratory over night as before. Again crumple, smooth 
out and place on a piece of absorbent paper (paper towel- 
ing) of the same size and fold the two together into the 
form of a filter, insert in a 6-inch glass funnel having an 
angle of 60°, and place the funnel in a support over a 
500-cc. graduated glass cylinder and fill the funnel to a 
depth of exactly 4 inches with distilled water of 70 to 
80° F. This depth equals 500 cc. of water. Maintain 

a constant water level above the funnel by inverting an 
_ Erlenmeyer flask filled with water and closed with a rub- 
ber stopper through which passes a glass tube ground at 
the end to an angle of 45°. 

Make the following observations : 

1. The time elapsed before the paper begins to wet. 

2. The time elapsed until the paper is entirely wet. 

3. The time elapsed before the first drop passes into 
the cylinder. 


48 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


4. The quantity of water in the cylinder in I, 3, 6 and 
24 hours. 

5. The time and extent to which the fabric becomes wet 
above the water level. 


At the expiration of 24 hours, if there has been no 
dripping, the funnel filled with water is lifted 2 inches 
and allowed to drop into its support; this is repeated four 
times and the amount of water that drips through in 
3 hours, if any, is recorded. 

Remove the funnel from its support and carefully pour 
and drain off the water, and then remove the fabric and 
paper from the funnel, smooth out, and observe: 


1. Whether the paper is dry, damp or wet. 
2. Whether the fabric on the outside is dry, damp or 
wet, or whether the water has only sweated through. 


The water resistance of fabrics as determined by this 
method is rated in accordance with the following scale: 


Very High The fabric does not become wet above the water 
10 level within 24 hours. No water drips through. 
No sweating through is apparent except to a very 
limited extent at the folds. Filter paper under 
the fabric remains dry, except for slight wetting 

where the fabric is folded. 


High The fabric does not wet above the water level within 
9 24 hours. Sweating through is sufficiently rapid 
to cover generally, and especially in the fold, the 
outside of the fabric with droplets. Filter paper 

under the fabric becomes wet. 


High-Medium The water dripping through: 
7 and 8 In 6 hours is from I cc. to 5 cc. 
In 24 hours is from I cc. to 25 cc. 
In 3 hours after raising and allowing the funnel 
to drop into support 5 times. 


TESTING WATER RESISTANCE 49 


Medium The water dripping through: 
5 and 6 In 6 hours is from 5 to 25 cc. 
In 24 hours is from 25 to 50 cc. 


Medium-Low The water dripping through: 
3 and 4 In 6 hours is from 25 to 75 cc. 
In 24 hours is from 50 to 150 cc. 


Low The fabric wets above the water level readily. 
I and 2 The water dripping through: 
In 6 hours is from 75 to 200 cc. 
In 24 hours is from 150 to 300 cc. 


Negligible The water dripping through in 24 hours exceeds 
0 300 cc. 


Modified Spray Method. 


Dry the piece of fabric used in conducting the funnel 
test at 45° C. for 24 hours, hang in laboratory over night 
and clamp loosely ina frame. Set the frame in a holder 
attached to a trough at an angle of 45°. The trough 
used held six frames. Allow clear tap water at room 
temperature to fall from a height of 6 feet upon the 
central portion of the fabric, covering an area of about 
8 inches in circumference, for 24 hours, from a 234-inch 
brass spray nozzle having 25 holes, each I.o mm. (0.75 
inch) in diameter, at a rate of 1,000 c.c. per min. 

Inspect the condition of the under side of the fabric 
at the end of 5 minutes, % hour, 1 hour, 3 hours, 7 
hours, and 24 hours. Note at each inspection whether 
the under surface is dry, damp or wet with no dripping; 
damp or wet with dripping. 

The water resistance of fabrics as determined by the 
modified spray test is rated on a scale of 10 as follows: 


10 Undersurface of fabric remains dry for 24 hours. 
9 Undersurface remains dry for 7 hours but is damp or wet in 
24 hours. No dripping. 


50 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


8 Undersurface remains dry for 7 hours but is damp or wet in 
24 hours. Dripping. 
Undersurface remains dry for 3 hours but is damp or wet in 
7 hours. No dripping. 

7 Undersurface remains dry for 3 hours but is damp or wet in 
7 hours. Dripping. 

6 Undersurface remains dry for 1 hour but it damp or wet in 3 
hours. No dripping. 

5 Undersurface remains dry for 1 hour but is damp or wet in 3 
hours. No dripping. 

4 Undersurface remains dry for % hour but is damp or wet in 
1 hour. No dripping. 

- 3 Undersurface remains dry for % hour but is damp or wet in 
1 hour. Dripping. 

2 Undersurface remains dry for 5 minutes but is damp or wet in 
Y% hour. No dripping. 

1 Undersurface remains dry for 5 minutes but is damp or wet in 
¥Y% hour. Dripping. 

o Undersurface damp to dripping in 5 minutes. 


The ratings given by these two tests were compared 
with the results obtained by actually exposing correspond- 
ing samples to rain, with blotting paper underneath them, 
with the following results: 


TABLE 1. 


CoMPARISON OF THE FUNNEL AND THE SPRAY TESTS WITH ACTUAL 
EXPOSURE TO RAIN. 


Funnel Spray Actual Rain Test 
Test Test (Condition of 

Number Rating Rating Blotting Paper) 
B23A0. ns uae ete 0 0 Wet 
BO7AG sc Au CRs ee 0 Oo Wet 
Sede 8 A eC ee eee 0 0 Wet 
33590. osc Non ae ee 0 fy) Wet 
B3A83 5. sp ean sm Te 0 Oo Wet 
35070 15'5 oven ee 4 2 Wet 
BISEE. TNA Coens ) ) Wet 
339908 BOCs eee ee ) 4 Wet 








TESTING WATER RESISTANCE 51 


CoMPARISON OF THE FUNNEL AND THE SPRAY TESTS WITH ACTUAL 
ExposurE TO RaAin—Continued 


Funnel Spray Actual Rain Test 
Test Test (Condition of 
Number Rating Rating Blotting Paper) 
aM roe ess cs 3 ds soe s oO O Wet 
OE, ech Ai See O fy Wet 
NR eel e avis cee o 0 Wet 
yc RS ae Se ia oO oO Wet 
CR Oe ee 0 O Wet 
eM RAO sas Ayo alas 8°05 O 2 Wet 
ee ag os pan a: Oo 0 Wet 
FSP oi Se een O O Wet 
LOR nee eee 0 o Wet 
OT ne o o Wet 
ed rege cea ta a X's ere we 05 oO o Wet 
Sea he iy. vig oa O 4 Dry 
ATA aR gcd dis0 3 0's 9 9 Dry 
LE IpTS, oe pA irae 10 7 Dry 
PLO it AS re eae 4 9 Dry 
OY See Se 10 9 Dry 
ST est OG OS ea lies 4 8 Dry 
Fle etd nner) Bares Wes 10 8 Dry 
AR Ae 2s. 5 wa b's sv 9 9 Dry 
OR er ae oe, fc oe i re) 6 Dry 
RTA Cena cae ye eses O 9 Dry 


In order to obtain consistent and reliable results by 
this method, it is necessary to follow closely the direc- 
tions as outlined, especially as to drying in the oven at 
45° C. (113° F.) for 24 hours. Many comparisons have 
been made on samples of various treatments by (1) soak- 
ing and drying in the air in the laboratory for 24 hours 
and (2) by drying in the oven at 45° C. for 24 hours. 
The results show a low water resistance on many sam- 
ples when dried in air only, and a high water resistance 
when dried in the oven at 45° C. In no case has the 
reverse been true. 

While it is realized that this test as conducted in this 


52 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


laboratory is a severe one, no canvas which withstands 
it has been found to fail in actual service. 

These laboratory tests made on standard army duck 
treated by various formulz were checked up against 
actual observations on strips of the same duck exposed 
to rain. The duck was attached in strips 12 feet long 
and 15 inches wide to a wooden frame as shown in 
Figure 8 and exposed in the open country for about a 
year from August, 1919. The frame was set level from 
end to end, faced the east and was designed to give all pos- 
sible types of outdoor exposure that are likely to occur 
in the use of canvas as wagon covers, goods covers, tents, 
awnings, etc. The paulin was loosely but smoothly 
stretched on this frame in such a way that 3.5 feet of 
each treatment were level, and 3.5 feet were inclined at 
an angle of 30°, while at the bottom of the inclined section 
the paulin was made to form a bag section about 6 inches 
deep. Rain falling on the canvas, both on the level and 
the inclined sections, ran down and collected in the bag 
section, where it was allowed to remain for some time, 
often from 2 to 3 days, before emptying. Both in the 
level and the sloping sections the canvas touched a 2-inch 
strip of wood and also a board 12 inches wide, while in 
between these boards the underside was exposed to the 
air. In this way, it was expected to show the effect of 
contact with objects on the underside of the canvas, and 
also the penetrating effect of rain on both the unsupported 
and the supported canvas. The paulin was tied on the 
frame but was free to move with the winds, which lifted 
it, subjecting it to such strains and motion as would 
occur on a moving load. 

From the observations made on the samples ex- 
posed to the weather the following conclusions were 
drawn: 

1. Both the funnel and spray tests applied to new, 


i 
i 
i 
| 
4 
4 


2 





Fic. &. 


TESTING WATER RESISTANCE 53 


treated duck indicate higher water resistance than is actu- 
ally found in service. 

2. Water-resistant treatments for 12-ounce United 
States standard army duck giving a rating of 6 or better 
by the spray test have proved serviceable for smooth 
covers, such as awnings, wagon tops, stack and hay 
covers. 

3. The waterproofing treatments which have proved 
most serviceable on 12-ounce United States standard 
army gray duck have also given high results by the funnel 
test. However, not all treatments showing a high rating 
by the funnel test have proved highly serviceable in those 
cases where water lay for some time on the canvas. 

4. When a treatment secured the maximum rating by 
both the funnel and the spray tests, it also received a high 
rating in the service test. 

5. After a year’s exposure, the ratings by the funnel 
test, with a few exceptions were lower than the service 
ratings. 

6. After a year’s exposure the ratings by the spray 
test were still high and were in general harmony with the 
observations made on the sloping and flat sections of the 
canvas. 

7. In the formulas used, paraffin, Japan wax, ceresin, 
candelilla wax, and rosin were not effective waterproofing 
materials on canvas. Although formulas containing these 
materials may have rated high by both the funnel and the 
spray tests when the canvas was new, they lacked durability. 

8. Neither the funnel test nor the spray test alone 
is an infallible indication of the serviceability of a water- 
proofing treatment for canvas. 


Effect of Sunlight on Treated Canvas. 


Messrs. T. D. Jarrell and H. P. Holman of the Bureau 
of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture 


54 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


have made the interesting discovery that a year’s ex- 
posure to sunlight and weather of certain “waterproofed” 
canvas samples actually causes them to lose more tensile 
strength than in the case of corresponding untreated can- 
vas. The weakening of both the treated and the untreated 
is due to the effect of the sun’s rays and their experiments 
have demonstrated that this may be prevented by the 
addition of pigments to the waterproofing formule and 
that this addition does not interfere with the water re- 
sistance. They had previously found in testing a number 
of yarns treated with different formule, that those con- 
taining asphalt did not lose strength, whereas those con- 
taining little or no coloring matter lost strength materially. 

Canvas treated by them with three commercial prepa- 
rations free from pigments showed marked deterioration 
in tensile strength after six months’ exposure, 

The following table of their results will be useful to 
waterproofers for the purpose of checking up their for- 
mulz : 


55 


TESTING WATER RESISTANCE 


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WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


56 


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eoesereereeeeeeeoeee ee 


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CASS Sie eee MTR suOIYS AIp pue V JUIUT} COLT 
eee te cas eee Seater tees 9) | pos AIp pue VY juSW}eILyT 


Scene anegeile ois Ses sues) 88/2 eh aisee ei eaeir ely ye d}yYyoeyew [eDoynse AIp pue V pyUSt}eoI T 


ceeeeee eee eee eee eee 


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Tseeeeeeess gars soya yIep Ap pue y jUoUeIIT, 
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“**]IO possul] Ul punoIs Joquin Mei pue YW JUsWeo1yT, 


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TESTING WATER RESISTANCE 


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CHAPTER 9. 


New Developments. 


There have been surprisingly few developments in the 
art that can really be called new either during or since 
the World War. Most changes have been in the direc- 
tion of new ways of applying old materials and others 
have not reached a sufficient degree of practical use to 
watrant presentation in this work. The only really basic 
development, involving the use of entirely new materials, 
that has taken place in recent years is one introduced and 
thoroughly demonstrated on many thousands of yards 
of cotton goods by a well-known authority in the cotton 
duck trade of New York City. 

The process consists in precipitating in the fiber the 
insoluble salts of a base derived from the treatment of 
a plentifully occurring mineral substance. The insoluble 
salts are deposited in a finely divided state in the fibers 
of the cotton cloth by ordinary dye-house impregnation 
methods. The resulting cloth if properly treated is not 
changed in appearance and possesses a high degree of 
water-resistance, while it has not, so far, been found pos- 
sible to mildew it. The cost of preparing the materials is 
- slight and there is nothing expensive about the impreg- 
nation method of applying them. _ 

The remarkable thing about the process, however, is 
that once the precipitate is fixed in the fiber, neither re- 
peated boilings in soap and water or soda, nor repeated 
soaking in hot gasoline or even alcohol removes it or 
affects it. 

58 


NEW DEVELOPMENTS 59 


No one hitherto has ever produced on a practical scale 
a water-resistant finish on cotton or any other textiles 
which will maintain its water resistance against the laun- 
dering and dry cleaning processes, though some effort 
has been given to research work with that object in view. 

So far, this new process, which is protected by a basic 
patent application, has only been developed on a practical 
scale in connection with cotton goods. Laboratory ex- 
periments indicate, however, that it will ultimately be 
applicable to wool and silk. 

In Chapter 3 the defect of existing processes as re- 
gards dry cleaning was mentioned and the desirability of 
scientific research and cooperative endeavor was urged. 
That chapter was written before the new development 
under consideration came to the attention of the writer. 
Should this new process develop as well on wool and silk 
as it has on cotton goods, it will simplify the technical 
development necessary as the background of any coopera- 
tive effort to give the public the protection it ought to 
have for its clothing. As long as the only available 
processes put into the fabric a substance which the dry 
cleaners’ solvent removes, so long will the proper develop- 
ment of the idea have to comprise the education and 
organization of the dry cleaners of the country—a diffi- 
cult task of no mean dimensions. 

With a process which the dry cleaner can do nothing but 
improve by his operation of removing accumulated dirt 
from the garments, the way is opened for a big organiza- 
tion to coordinate the activities of fabric manufacturer, 
dyer, finisher, waterproofer and garment manufacturer 
to produce outer garments for men, women and children 
which are not soiled by absorption of water or watery 
liquids conveyed by casual splash, spill or shower. Under 
present conditions nearly all the clothing we wear that is 
subjected to the elements, or liable to casual contact with 


60 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


water out of place, is damaged to some extent thereby. 
As there would be less of such garments sold if they 
kept their smartness longer, it is not likely that any of 
the individual trades concerned will take the initiative in 
giving the consumer the value to which he is entitled and 
would undoubtedly be willing to pay for. 

The respect for ‘“‘repeat business” is so great in modern 
industry that the interests of the consumer are often 
entirely neglected. Awnings would last much longer if 
they were given a protective water- and mildew-resisting 
treatment and such treatments are available at a cost 
which the user of awnings would gladly pay; but the 
suppliers of awnings would thereby lose a great deal of 
“repeat business.” It is not likely that any one awning 
supplier will launch out and supply lasting awnings, be- 
cause he would have to ask a higher price than his com- 
petitors and he could not keep up his business without an 
enormous advertising appropriation for the purpose of 
educating awning users. 

A similar condition exists in the garment industry and 
would hamper any effort of an individual cloth or clothing 
manufacturer. Any effort in the textile industry to 
introduce universal protection for clothing and other 
articles must rest for its success on the education of the 
public to the value of the protection, to its cost to them 
and to the saving it will bring them. This effort should 
only be undertaken after research work adequate to estab- 
lish effective processes, economically applicable ‘to all 
kinds of textiles. The next step is the placing of the 
processes with a large number of fabric manufacturers and 
dyers all over the country, the connecting of it with a 
trade-mark and last, and most important, the extensive 
advertising of the trade-mark to the public, the retailers 
and the manufacturers of garments and other articles. 
Such a plan needs several hundred thousand dollars for 


NEW DEVELOPMENTS 61 


research, organization and advertising; but to the firm or 
the individual who can secure the necessary financial back- 
ing to effect a coordination of adequate effort in this 
direction, from raw materials to consumers’ backs and to 
educate the public to its value, a pioneer’s fortune is 
waiting. 


aoe aT airs hays A 


se] 
} 
Lt 4 Vis! oes ; Pee. 








CHAPTER to. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PROCESSES AND FORM- 
ULAE FOR WATERPROOFING TEXTILES 
PATENTED IN THE UNITED STATES, 
GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE AND 
GERMANY SINCE THE YEAR 
19OO. 





Jays poH “H “[ 
sysoqoy “TI 


_ Uls}SUOIY, “VW 


UOIIIL “A 
uureullIez “S 


Pulte Veit 
uuewyso0y “4D 


sweriM “f 
WOH *D ‘OD 
saizusyy “f 


Jouasog “WW ‘V 


Jo3sex) UeA “Lf 
Josey ueA “L “f 


40JUIQUT 


"SUISSOIP IAT}VAIOSoId Suyooid19ye MM 
“s[TeI19} eu 
snoiqy WOI} sopyie yoo1diajeMm JO sInjoepnueyy 
*S]JUISe 
[eoIuUayd JO pue dINJSIOUI JO UOT}De 9Y} JSUIeSE 
yooid pury Aue JO [ello}eW SUIIapuel IOf Sso001g 
‘OIqey JOOIdII}e AA 
"YJO]D Sulye91} JO Ssa001g 
‘MIqey JOOIdIIIe AMA 
‘sjeottueys pue 
JOJVM 0} JISISOI S[eIIo}eW! SULIapusI JO ssa9d01g 
"SoTIqey 
9]13x0} Suyooidjo1 pue suyooidisjem JO poyyyy 
‘OIqey uUyjeled 
*soliqey Suyooidss}eM JO ssa01g 
*JOoI9y} 
ynpoid pue d11qey JoordiayeM SuryeU JO ssos01g 
"soliqey Suyooidiayem JO Sso0Ig 
‘sasodind Joyjo 10 Ssuygooidiajyem 
JO} SoIge} Suryeosy Ajjeorsjoa~9 103 snjereddy 


U0NGI4ISIG 40 397407, 


‘€z61-0061 “SHLVLG GALINA) 


gL1‘tz6 


100‘'1z6 


1£0‘616 
1o1‘vZg 
goZ‘SSg 
+69'0zg 


giz‘tig 


zoo'1eZ 
bEz‘'gcL 
398°069 


VEL‘0g9 
giZ‘ESQ 


$1Z‘€S9 


LOQUen Ny 


6061 ‘I oeunf 
6061 ‘11 Ae 
6061 ‘oz lidy 
Lo61 ‘ZI ‘99q 
Lo61 ‘v aunf 
go61 ‘Si Ae 
go6r ‘oz ‘qay 
€o61 ‘gi sun 
€o61 ‘61 Avy 
zoor ‘Z ‘uel 
1061 ‘oz ‘sny 
0061 ‘Z1 Ajnf 
0061 ‘Zr Aqnf 
juayog {0 a3pq 


65 


66 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


JaPP0W “f “W 
yyeMIeyys “y “[ 
ueky “yf 
weW “VY 
ieW UY 'V 
JWWIZ “VY “VW 
JasOT “MM ‘9D 
ZYOUTIPM “O ‘d 
Sissjoy “V ‘W 
He WV 
yenbsuog “] ‘g 


uoyIH “M ‘f 
4OJUIQUT 


“SUIYeUI JO 
ssoo0id pue SulJaA0D jooidiajem pue joosdasty 
‘ames 94} Sursedoid 
JO ssad01d pue uolpsodwos jooidiajem pure ait7 
“BUI}eOD 
pue s[elioyeul jooidiayemM Suryeul 10 ssao01g 
*JOoI9Y} Jonpoid 
pue [elioyewm afIjx0} Suyooidiajem Jo ssa001g 
‘owes SUIyeUl 
yO ssoo01d pue [elioyeul 92]13x9} payooidsaye Ay 
‘g0eyiIns o]qeysem 
pezejs Jusuewied e way} Surais pue sajoie 
9[19X9} JOYJO JO UsUI] suyooIdis}eM OJ ssod01g 
‘sasodind [ersads 10} seaued 8ur}vI1} Jo poy 
"soliqey} Ssuyooidiajyem JO poyyyy 
STIG] 
JoyjO pue sevAued sul}eal}] IOZ wUOrZISOdUIO7 
‘OWES 9Y} SUIIOJOD pue jUdTJede1 I10;eM 
SoIgey JayjO pue BWI SUlIOpusI JO ssa00I1g 
*(jyooidi9jzeM) s11qQe,7 
*(Jooidisyem) Bulqjeg 
U014gt4ISaq 40 3707 


(panu1juoy)—Ez61-0061 ‘“SaLVLIG GALINA) 


ge1'ivi‘'1 
oLe‘Qf1‘1 
L£g9‘cC1'I 
grg‘IZ1‘I 
LYg‘1ZI‘t 
1£Z‘Szo‘r 


Sz£‘966 
1£6‘F66 


Bgt‘gg6 


S99‘V36 
SS9‘bZ6 
62¢‘296 
+IQUn 


S161 ‘I ounf 
S161 ‘oz [lidy 
S161 ‘€z ‘ie 
VI6I ‘zz ‘90q 
¥i6l1 ‘ez ‘20q 
Z161 ‘LZ Ae 
1161 ‘Ze sunt 
1161 ‘€1 oun 
1161 ‘v piidy 
1161 ‘IZ ‘qo 
OI16I ‘g ‘AON 


O161 ‘gI ‘sny 
quajog {0 3j0Gq 


67 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


All9g "d ‘UY 


uusTy “DD 
Joyleg ‘S “M 
MyM “Af 


AInqIZAQ ‘DO “YW 


UISSIM “H ° 


uosiveg ‘g ° 
yonbeg als 


uos}equinD ‘] “A 
swepy “HM 
URYANHW ‘Ss ‘I 
JINIeD “VOM 


Apomung ‘5 ‘yf 
A0JUIQUT 


"WO1JII9Y} sJonpoid 9y} pue 

s[eljoyew 0} Ssugooidisyem surdjdde 10} ssoo01g 

"[el1ayewl JOOIdIIze AA 

‘sJUsUIes SuUyYOOIdI9}eM JO pou] 
‘owes 94} SUI 

-onpoid Jo poyjJew pue [elloyew juejoder 13j}e Ay 
*sjUs9]9 

suyool peiedsid Suryew Joy sueowl pue poy 
*"JOoIIY} 

yonpoid pue sulsoaod [jem sulsnpoid Jo sso.01g 

‘soliqey SuyooidssjyeM JO poy 

‘soliqey Suyooidis}eM JO} ssa01g 

‘[elsayew snoiqy SsuyooidisjeM IO} Sss9001g 

‘uoIysodwos suyooidisyem pue suygooideiy 
‘OYl] 94} pue syoes ‘sseq “snp 0} SNOTA 

-Jodw Sullopusl pue suyooidiayem JO poyy 

“so1Iqey JO Suyooidssje A 

“SUIJeOD pue dIIqe} JoOIdI9ze AA 

‘Joqqni YYM soliqey Suljeusoidul JO ssod01g 
‘yon 

-poid pue jeljojeur Suyooidiszem JO ssod0lg 

‘ses 94} SUIYeU IOJ ssodo1d pue dIIqGey 

U014G14ISIGT 4O 91417, 


SQe‘1ce‘1 
Crr‘ote'1 
of9‘gzf‘1 


eStfocl'1 
LLYvIl'I 


QSoe 11 
tLeLoed 
bvlLz‘goe‘1 
bS6‘0ge2'1 
vig cZe'1 


vor'gsz‘1 
Let‘eve'l 
£99121 
QSP‘gze'I 


£og‘zoz‘I 
06g‘Zg1‘I 
AdQuin Ny 


oz61 
oz6I 
6161 


6161 
6161 


6161 
6161 
6161 
QI61 
QI6I 


QI61 
L161 
L161 
L161 


gi61 
gi61 


61 ‘sny 
‘ve oun 
‘ol ounf 
se) ‘PO 
‘fz Ajnf 


SSE IAT 
[OS 
‘¢ Ane 
‘S oun 


‘If “po 
‘oz ounf 


quajog fo avg 


68 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


zyimseg ‘+ 
AqIOD “MM “A 
uinqdsy “5 ‘5 


O1}SeD OP “y 
pue uuewoyIs “MA “EH 


‘Te 39 IyOY “y 


ee 


i im O 


ojeuolg 


"af ‘oyyetes 
uosurtydoy 


souy ‘HH 
Joupsey “y 
TORU MV" 
neg ‘g’ 
uosIey ‘gq ° 


240 pj 


40JUIQUT 


‘sd1Iqey pozeos 
‘SdLIqey Joo1d19}eM 

suojjisodwos — Suyooidiojem  ‘{ Suyooidisj3e AA 

‘UOI}ISOdWIOD pue Sso001g 


*SISAJOI} 
-d9J9 Aq Suyooidiazem ‘syersoyeut yooidiaze My 


"€Z61-0061 “SINALVG HSILIUg 


“oures 
Suryeul Jo ssao0id pue yonpoid Suyooidisze yy 
"4}0[9 Suyooids9ze 
‘[elloyeu Sulyelnsuy 

"JOIIIY} 
yonpoid pue [elloyew snoiqy Surjeve1} JO ssa001g 
‘owes Suryeul FO ssad0id pue d1Iqey JooIdI9}E AA 
‘oues Sulyeul JO ssaooid pue sdiyssre Joy o11qe 4 
‘“sWIeS BY} SuIONpoid Jo ssad01d pue d11qey po}e0s 
‘Iqe} payooidisjye MA 

‘aues 94} 
sulonpoid 10} ssad01d pue s1iqey yooidi9zE A 


u01Ng14ISICG, 40 37417, 


(panujuoy)—€z61-0061 ‘“SHaLVIS GaLINQ 


L9z‘g 


v66‘S 
v6S‘S 


CoL‘z 


g09‘69h‘1 
ClQ‘ceH1 
of2‘Zer't 


OZ‘ IFT 
129‘g0V'I 
CIV IQe‘T 
€o1‘zSe‘1 
o16‘6rE'I 


S60‘ZbE"1 
4IQUN NT 


oo61 


€z61 
zz61 
zz61 


ezo1 
zz61 
1z61 
oz61 
oz61 


oz6I 


‘Ol “qo7 


‘z 19 O 
VEZ "IO 
‘6z ‘sny 


‘vy lady 
Sf “Ie 
VI sunf 
‘L ydas 
‘41 ‘sny 


‘oz Ajnf 


quayog {0 aj0q 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


NT V 
Apueullo WM 
pue uojsuryid “M “M 


soizusyy *f 


Hod ‘W ‘5D 
yNomysny “7 
smerny ‘f 
uoweyM "WA 
Inayng “5 

yousINy 
‘d pue Ppteleyseg wy 
oUMOIG “VW 
UI9}SUOIY, “VY 


Preysnog “qf 
UUueUIySIG, “ 


Ia ‘Oo “f 
AMNeUIOT ‘N uoleg 
AOJUIQUT 


*soLIqey po}zeod pue suorjisodwio0s suyooidisjze 


"SuUOIHSOduIOD 3UI 
-JOOId1s}eM fSdIqey JOOIdIoyeM fso1Iqey poie0*D 
"soliqey yooidssyem 
‘suoiisodwods  suyooidisjyem { suyooidisjze 
‘UOIHIsOduIOD Suyoosdi19}e 
"STIQey po}e0d 
‘uoIyNjos eruowuwe Isddoy 
— *suorzysoduios Suyooidisze A 
‘suOI}ISOdWIOD SuyOOIdId}eEM fSdTIqe} poyeod 
“SUOT}ISOdUIOD SUI 
-JOOId10}eM fsoriqey Jooidisyem ¢{ suyooidi9ye AA 
"UOI}ISOdWIOD Su1}e07) 
"so1Iqey poze05 
‘suor}isoduiod +  suyooidisjem {suyooidisyeM 
"soIIqey poye0d 
*3[1}X9} JO UOT}EVIUI ‘soTIqey 
‘suoiisodwos suyooidiajzem ‘soriqey jooid 
-JoyeM ‘{syelsoyeur jooidisjyem ‘fsoliqey payeod 
*suOI}ISOduIOD SuyOOIdIaye AA ‘“SdTIqe} po}e07 
‘SUOI}ISOdWIOD SUyOOIdI9}EAA ~“SdTIqe} ps}e0D 
U0UGIAISIG, 40 I]41T. 


8z1‘OI 


tog‘bz 


£03‘Z1 
19z‘oz 
9S9‘61 
€10°61 
6zg‘St 
gor‘vI 


zoS‘€r 
£90‘g 


6£9‘z 
OgI‘I 


ggt'tz 
o16‘ZI 
£538 
49QUin NT 


zoor ‘€ Ae 
ZO6I ‘ZI “AON 
zoor ‘S$ ounf 
1061 — —— 
1061 ‘% ‘~poO 
1061 ‘vz "jdas 
1061 ‘9 ‘sny 
1061 ‘or Ajnf 
1061 ‘6z ‘uef 
1061 — —— 
1061 ‘Z  ‘qagq 
1061 ‘Zr ‘uef 
oo61 ‘Iz ‘99q 
oo61 ‘41 Ajnf 
oo61 ‘v1 Ae 
juawwg fo avq 


WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


7O 


prsydeys “vy ‘f 
uueuw 
-jney ‘{ ‘uewyooy “9 
yezpowodg ‘W 
4103S "H “M 
wens *O 
FISMOAIOS °S 
AIM “AL 
PseD “d ‘OD ‘d 
Aelinyy “5 


ysojzur 
-yoeW ‘WM ‘wosjog 
SM F48NM ‘dA 


uryosiyy “f “T 
IpesusyyoryT “D 
ASTM “AL 
ASTIM “AL 
YUWS “Vv 
pue YsoyUuIyIeYT ‘W J M 
4OJUIQUT 


‘suoI}Iisodui0s Suyoosdiaye 


‘suoi}isodwios Suyooidisyem ‘ Suyooidi9jze 

“Bugooidisajem ‘fsuorjisoduios suyooidisjze 

‘soLiqey poy}eoo ‘suoiisoduios Ssuyooidiajye 

"sotiqey JooiId19je My 

‘suoI}yIsoduios Suyooidsisyem ‘ Suyoosdiaye MM 

"soliqey poyeo; 

*SUOI}ISOdWUIOD SuyOOIdIa}yeMm SsolIqey po}eoD 
"So1Iqey 

yooldiayem 9 {suyooidiayem ‘soliqeZ poyeod 


*SUOI}ISOdUIOD 
Suyooidioyem + {Suyooidiazem ‘fsoliqey po}e0d 
‘SOLIQe} po}eod {so1iqey oord19}e MM 
"so1iqey poyeod 
"soLIqey poyeod ‘ suygooidi93e 
"soLiqey pozeoo ‘ Suyooid1a}e MM 


"SoLIqey po}e0D 
UOugGi4ISIGE 40 24407 


(panuyuo))—€z61-0061 “SINALVd HSILIEgG 


LS0°Z1 


VeZ‘gI 
QiS‘Sr 
529°g 
1Fo‘Z 
SE Are: 
SLEL 
Lo1‘z 


of6‘r 


000‘'Sz 
66S‘gI1 
L£S9Q‘Z1 
9£9°8 
S£9‘9 


giz 
AIQuen NT 


So6r ‘fz ‘sny 


So61 ‘gi ‘sny 
So61 ‘gz A[nf 
Go61 ‘Zz [udy 
So61 ‘€ judy 
vo6r ‘21 [ludy 
vobr ‘Sz “1ey 
vo6r ‘gz ‘uel 


vo61 ‘gz ‘uel 


€o6r ‘ZI “AON 
Cob1 ‘gz ‘sny 
€o61 ‘gi ‘sny 
€o6r ‘gr [iudy 
€o61 ‘or [ludy 


€o61 ‘© ‘uel 
quajog {0 210q 


71 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


preysoqy “Y 
preyioqy “a 

0D @ Ao 
‘H ‘f pue souqny “y 
weY4oD °S “A 
ysowupeyl “H 
uosIIoW “yf 
eMNZIGA *S 
Inosng ‘H 

SSO1) 


“A ‘D pue sssug “q ‘[ 


BOM a oo od 
Ssullog *[ 
nesiney ‘Hf 

saute) 
‘LD ‘uostuuy “HY 
ynog “{ ‘Vv 
MeYSIoy “AH 
puelg O H 


ynog [Vv 
AOJUIQUT 


‘suor}isodwos SuyooidisyeM fso1mqey poye07 
‘suol}isoduiod Suyoosdiajyem f{so1iqey poye0d 


"So1Iqey JOOIdI9}eM fSoTIqey po}e07) 

*SOTIQe} pajeod ‘suorsoduios suyoosdssjze MA 
*sd1Igey pozyeo7y 

*SITIGe} Ps}zeOd Ssuorpsoduios Suyoosdssye 
*SoLIqey po}eo7) 

*SdTIqe} po}eod Ssuorisoduiod suyooidss3}e 


"SOIL 


-qey} jooidiajem ‘fsuormsodwo0s suyooidssze 


‘soliqey poyeod ‘suorpsodwo0s suyooidisye Ay 
‘SIIQeF Po}eod Ssuorsoduios Suyooi1d1sje 
‘suOI}IsOdWIOD SuyooidisjeM fsoriqey poze0> 


“SoLIqey pazeod Ssuorzysodw0s suyooidisjye 
"SOLIQe} JOOIdIo}eEM fsd1Iqey} po}e07) 

*suol}yIsodmos suyooidisyem ‘so1iqey poje07 
‘suol}isodwios suyooidisyem { 3ur 


-yoo1ds27eM -Sd1Igey JOOIdIayeM {so1iqey po}e07 
*soLiqey JOOIdsayeM fsuorsoduios Suyooidisze 


4014Gt49SaCT 40 37407 


zOL‘E1 
og6‘z1 


cZL6‘Z 
622'S 
L6z‘¢ 
1£¢ ‘cz 
ozS‘gI 
gSS‘z1 


g10'S 
g9z'v 
got bz 
691‘ 


LLS‘¥ 
Lye 
ozo‘ bz 


L£9Z‘tz 
SZ1r'rz 
49QUen Ny 


goér ‘6z aunt 
4061 ‘Zr ounf 
goér ‘or pudy 
g061 6 ‘“s1eV 
go6r “VI ‘qoy 
£061 ‘ol ‘~O 
Zo61 ‘gr Ajnf 
Zo61 ‘of Ae 
Zo6r ‘I ‘1eyV 
Zo61 ‘oz ‘qoy 
go6r ‘1£ "390 
go61 ‘ ‘sie 
go6r ‘vz ‘qoq 
go6r ‘1£ ‘uel 
So61 ‘gz “AON 
vobr ‘61 ‘AON 
So61 ‘gl ‘pO 
quajog {0 ajpq 


WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


72 


uewdeyy) “5 
Jouyonig “MM 


sI9}9g “H 
PiesOeter 1 
ganeqed *D “H ‘f 
sepa VA beh eM 2 
wossypyy “HH ‘f 
ospemel ‘Wf 


WL OV 
anbnog ‘vy 
r3) 
V 


YOMe) * 
Wey CW" 


Jass3iq °*5 
‘c) pue uueuneg “y ‘OD 
ayouA'T 
FL 4 ‘yosorof ‘A 
‘Aueduioy 2 sudo 
4OJUIQUT 


*sSUIyIeg 

"suOT} 
-isodwiod suleusoidu ‘fsuonisoduiod surye07 
*SUOI}ISOdWIOD BUI}e07 
"SUOI}ISOdWIOD BUI}e07) 
*ssulyoeq ‘suoisodwios 3surye07 
‘O¥I] 94} pue UsUT] peze[s ‘suolsodu0d surye0; 
“suyOOId19}e 

*suol} 
-isodwod +9Suljyeudoiduit ‘suomisodwod sulje07 
‘SUOI}ISOdWIOD SuljeusoIdWwy 

"suol} 
-isodwioo Surjeusoiduir ‘fsuorisoduod suryeod 
"sqom SuI}eOD ‘suOTyIsOduI0D sulye0D 

*SuOT} 
-isodwiod suljeuseidwi ‘suorsodwos sulje0*) 


"SoLIqey JOOIdII}e A 
SUOT}ISOMWIOD SUYOOIdII}EM fSoIIqe} poyeoD 


UOUNGI4ISICT 4O 7407, 


(panuyuoy))—Ez6I-O0O61 ‘“SINALVg HSILlug 


£6S‘F 


6621 
048 
9£9 
o1S‘oz 
goo‘vz 
I11‘7 


96961 
C1261 


66-‘Z1 
66191 


oPe‘Ir 
Zza‘SS 


€6r‘gt 
4IQUN AT 


O161 ‘bz ‘qoq 
6061 ‘Sz ‘uel 
O161 ‘cI ‘uel 
O161 ‘or ‘uel 
6061 ‘of ‘s0q 
6061 ‘61 190 
6061 ‘gz ‘ydas 
6061 ‘Zz ‘sny 
6061 ‘Zz “sny 
6061 ‘Zz Ajnf 
go6r ‘oz ‘any 
6061 ‘fr Ae 
Zo61 ‘Iz ‘d0q 
goér ‘€ 3das 
1uajog {0 a30q 


73 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


JOATO “H put “LD 


didd Cod Codie taal, Ben @ 
sdusey “MM 
epreuy,P *D 

ssopusyy “f 
UI9}SUIOPT 
‘N pue oudeyy “g 
zowmaeEM [LL ‘aA 
eS eld reiadaad bd 4 E 
‘f ‘vy pue efoy “f 


2}227.0 “d 
dusy “HM 
PlayueyTy] “T 


‘PYT 
‘aynyysqng =: Joqqny 
pue weyYsNnW “V “A 
u0}[IWIe TT 
°S ‘5 pue uosuaaays “yy 
HeH WV 
40{UIQUT 


*suol} 
-isoduiod 9=Suryeusoidwi ‘suorsoduos surje0d 
"‘Suljuoureuso {suorjisodwio0d sulj}e07 
“SUOI}ISOdWIOD SuI}e07) 
*“SUOT}ISOdUIOD SuI}e07) 
"SUOI}ISOdWIOD SuI}VOD Sssulyoeg 


*sTeliozeW Sul}eO7) 
‘suolpisoduiod Zurjeusoidwy 


“sugooid 
-Jayem fsormqey jooidisyem ‘soriqe} punodwoy 
‘suoI}Isodwos suljeuseidwy 
"suorjIsoduiod surye07) 
*SUOI}ISOdUIOD Sul 
-yeusoidut ‘suorsodwos pue s[eitayeur surjye0+ 


*"SUOI}ISOGUIOD SUI}eO7 


*"SUOT}ISOdWIOD SsuI}e07) 
“SUOT}ISOdUIOD suI}eO7 


uoudisIsaq 40 Iq 


£69‘1z 
oS 1‘oI 
S96‘St 
S99‘F2 
Qz ‘el 


SSS‘Z 
vI1g‘9 


L6z‘oz 
19h‘Z1 
0169 


9z6‘9z 


632‘9z 


£66 ‘vz 
£09‘g1 
42QUN NT 


z161 ‘ve "ydas 
z161 ‘or <Ajnf 
zi61 ‘gs Ant 
Zio ‘ez sunf 
z161 ‘zz Ae 


1161 ‘oz Ae 


II61 ‘oz “Ie 


1161 ‘€1 "ydag 
1161 ‘I ‘sny 
1161 ‘v Ae 


o161 ‘61 ‘AON 


O161 ‘ZI “AON 


O161 ‘%z ‘pO 
o161 ‘9 ‘sny 
1u2}0g [0 aj0q 


WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 


74 


ueulyeyWy “VW ‘suyooid 


JO} spunodwiod |[eorweyd jo suornjos s93e,, 9g6‘VorI gI61 ‘Iz sun 
weywig ‘D) ‘H ‘suygoolg O6bZ‘Io1 g161 ‘61 ‘qa 
UI[NOYe *N ‘suygoolg IPZ‘IOI g161 ‘Ze ‘uel 
uowlojes “Ss ‘suomsodmo0s Suijeusoiduiy  6g1‘9 S161 ‘oz [udy 
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prsydeys pue siajeg 
preydays pue siajag 
Med 

yuressnoy, 

PHoyTTHng 


PHEW 
pue pelosi ‘nyues 


piejeyseg pue joueiy 
bor9pae"7 


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S}IOANOIOT SId1}IV Sorjne 39 szejoid ‘99119 97103 

‘UINg[OUI] ep uorjedIqey ev, snod wol}Isoduio7) 

"syejgid no aqeoutsodui 91njzaAn02 snod ynpuy 
"939 “Sajjo}9 so] ‘1arded ay ‘1mmd 9] Ins 

weypiIq ynpus unp vuoneuroy el inod spss01g 
‘OJa ‘snssi} 

‘sdeip sop onjosqe uoresipqeausaduit,p aps001g 
‘syinpoid soaijne 39 

Snssl} Sop UoljeslIqeowsodu.p apss01d neaanoyy 
*soIUIaA NO sda}noydInowd 
‘SagtId SayI0} xne juL[quiasser saqeaursodurt 
SSSI} Sop UOl}edIIqGey ef Inod onb sure sayimayz 
Sop Jo SoT[aWe] Sop JouIoy ua anod Jasin] ap 

jnq ey SUeP sUT9Sed BI 2p SayjaAnou suoreoddy 
‘Oya ‘sound ‘sanojaa ‘saznayz ‘sayoj9 30 

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"SnSst} Sop uolestIqeoutiodwiy anod spz001g 
‘OTTeHTIOT 79 [IAID JUsWMATIGey 

inod ‘sayoyg sap uonesyiqeowiedup apao01g 

u0udrt4dsaq 40 31N07 


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FeqolsS 
BISIV TA 


SUIpIOWUIY 
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"SINO[PA J] JWRWUWII B[qear] 32 
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(purl 
-MOY 990) We ‘owyy 


7) 8 PH NipeyT 
Olldeys pue Ulo}sUIOT] 
IydIVey pue neous 
IIIWIO'T 
(ayI1depue, o9u) 
bon[D ep ‘omy jo 
SHIVIAnSN «6 ‘sloasinog 


s1Joyonog 


AOjMIAUT 


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“UII S9]I0} ‘soes Inod sseI[equia p so]10} ‘sa1ues 
SO} Ud S910} Jo SaYyseq xne o[qeoI[dde ‘saouenu 
Sop Uodljexy ap }9 UOT}esTIqeawiedull.p aps001g 


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‘1oided np ja snssiy sop 

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"WOUNO SZIANO SNsst} 32 S[U Sop UOTJeSNyIUSIp ya 
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‘yoryeoliqey es Inod apg00id ja snoysynoers Hp 
JAB SIVIQWIO[SSe SofI}xX9} Seq 9p gsoduiod nsst 
“saiqeawiiodm snssty xne ulu 

-ue} ap 32 spodoo4] ap soipnod sep uoreorddy 
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inod sinoisso13 sesewry) sajqeousodu sayovy 


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[epunz 
sy «=: soeuUaIpUTP 
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AD Y ZPH “‘nipsay 


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op ‘sayueIO[OD SalgijVul op uoTexy 9p 9p9001g 
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UOIJNIJSUOD LI & JWLAIS SNssI} NO so]I10} sop 
uolyestiqeowiodwip ja uoneiedsid ap sps001g 
‘saijne ja souedolse p 

sajre inod snssij sap uorneiredsid op spo00l1g 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 


Iysozsn[q PUB WOdUIA 
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oN0A PF 
OP PHY WS eT 


PAIS 


JIHO 
"Yy SyUOUSSI[qeIAy 


uosul 
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aI) ®H swosuely “T 


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JUsMIIIOJUSL Ip 32 UOTesTTIqeguIedui.p 9pz001g 
"u0l} 
-ed1Iqey op epgo0id jo ‘sorjne je SIog ‘sroided 
‘snssi} onb sayfa} saoueysqns ep UOI}EAIBSUOD BL 
yo oSeuur} a ‘uoNestiqeouseduy nod ynpoig 


"snssi} Sop spider 
aZeyogs I 39 eseumu0s 2] Inod [eoj10A posreddy 


‘snssi} Sep uorzest[1qeauiioduit | 

e@ yuowuejou sqeoidde ‘“oarspype uolzIsodui07 
"SnSST} 

sno, e aqeordde uoresyiqeausodup 9p 2001 
“SNSSI} So] Joe} NO IU 

-391du1 inod sjioredde xne sjusweuuolse}1eq 
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-uapuos ep syinpoid op oseq & SIUIOA op 1o]dwiy 
“SJUBAIOSSIP Op Sinodas sues B}ETeq OP 

snssi} So] JIJAnooe1 yo Jousgidutt inod 9p2001g 


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g161 6 judy 


QI6I ‘ZI “Ie 


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quayog {0 a30q 


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Sop uoHeoiqey ef e sgj1odde syuswouuolsazi0g 

‘2[2}989A 91N}X9}U0D ep soyjoj9 sap nead 
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*SNSSI} 39 Soy soiqy 
sop Josiiqegwmisdut ja ssj01dde sinod opss01g 


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UOUGAISIGE 40 3]4VT, 


(panuyuo))—zz61-0061 ‘JONvaT 


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JasueFT “Igor 


LOJUIQUT 


JOTYOS IVEY 


oI1eUla'T 


‘op 
‘ry “Y nequoulpseyy 
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-JasseAA WNZ YoIUoWeU sIp ‘asseyy UsYostyse]d 
‘Ud}YIIpIosseMm IJOUID SUN[[a}SIOFY Inz usiyejso/A 


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‘sonsojeue 3a SNssi} Sop 
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"sa0gId Ud SdJJO}9 S2] D1INPua B IUIYIe] 


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AMO] 
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-jneyloqowieqg sne uspueysussey UspususIp 
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‘SUSIIEUI}YIIPIosseAA SJNYysq WsqoaMeo5) UOA 
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UISUI[PIION “FT 


JaAoWIOFY SUOTTY 


JaSUI[PISON “H 


pueuuog 
[lenuriexy oisydeg uvof 


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(‘js19p pun 
Jaideg ‘ispeT ‘usqeamey ‘uajsuidsay)) uayjoys 
-19St,J UOA UdYIeCUl}YIIpiosseMA WiINZ UsIYyepI9/A 


"ssnzioqnyseT 
pun osseuy[ny sje usqamey sne JOS 
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"OYJOIS IOJYIIPIosseM SZuN][ojsJoPY Inz usiyejsa/A 


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1061 ‘§ Ae; 
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pun Izy psenpg 


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asog ‘ey 


Uuewjney snipnf 


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‘OSSLJ UdSIpuL}soq UsI[eYyIWoYyD pun Iosse AA 
uases ‘udjoUsI0Ns YoIysuy wnz pun sunioiu 
-Se1dwiy Inz Jould SuN[a}SIoFY Inz UsIYyejIo/A 


‘OSSeP Ussipueyseq usl[ey 
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[Mg wosuef yIIUSH 


ssnoiey Inyyy pun 
UlssuUIyIOAA prey 
TOU MpPurM “He 


Tys 
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0D ® punuyjoy “5 


spuny. 
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syJog Wy 


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“MSN 9ZJOUYISTT INJ 
spWwssuntouseldwy uUspusyeyjyus 1993Z[0F]7 
pun Joydny souls SunN][aIsJoZ{Z Inz ussyeyI9A 


‘UsOSIOSe, UOA SuNisUuseidwWy Inz usIYyejIIA 


‘uaInUYosS 
-jepuidS uUOA UdloUseidwy wnz wUdsiyeyIoA 


‘usyoeysnezsnp.y pun 
us]NyUOoTTeg UOA Sunso1useidwy Inz wsiyeyji9A 


‘Sunsatuseiduirejyeleg 
saSryressepieq WU JOYS Woysyuye Jepo “JOM 
-uneg-leeypwMey woqamMesyoinp sne uswWiels 
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-S1]99Nn2,y vases UOA SuN][I}sIOF{ INZ vsIyejIIA 


‘yeydsy UOA SunpusMIoA 19}UnN UJapueq- 
pun wsweltjjoIG UOA SunyueI], Inz udsiyeyI9A 
‘[s19p Pun UdsUIZ] 
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‘jaws sunis1useidwy 
‘AGM JoSoJIOSSeM SuUNTJOISIOFZ Inz ussyejI9A 


‘UdOysJose.J pun usosey UOA UsyoRU 
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UOA UdYIeUIPUdSsSO}sqeIosse AA WNZ UdlYyejI9A 
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‘Inyoiddeyny 


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Jah{aJV_ ~09'T 


}eYOSTIsS 
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09 


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pun 99x07 UOA Sunisiuseidwy Inz uslyeyiaA 


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UdsqaMOL) PUN UdTIeS) UOA UdyZIeISIOA 
wWNZ pun UdsYIeWISISse[yIINpuA_ wWNz UsyeyI9A 


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BIBLIOGRAPHY 


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PATENTEES’ INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY 
OF PATENTS 


ECT os erly sb sus aly De eels eho dws end 80 
Act. Ges. fiir Anilin Fabrication, French ............ 84 
EE VC ISTICISIY oe wes eels ale Gp bas ela ht seis 74 
Meet ATNCTICA Xo. cmd ss ss aisles ae os ales cine 67 
ES TLIS (Yor ooe wos ne ns be beam oles one wees 74 
eer ST TISI wi. dca es os sv e's @wlnwina ys ale winless 74 
PM EetC Te, oo, AG ovis oo 'siae ows s ¢ ¢ 6's bimeum'yS 6 oh 82 
a TE el 2) 9s 1) ee 71 
Arent, me British ere Shine eb eek Cee eae 75 
AINE ele otis o kishc iy < chs cio sak ueaie he oa 95 

Bachelard, Pome SE TELS yl 2 egy so paola Oe al ocean 69 
PROVES Oi Grr.) weer etee a eae ceeds a7 

Badische Anilin & Sodafabrik, German ............ 04 
eerie ts AINCTICADD . vps ss peo eee vine ove vce 67 
ie, Cee Saas gO bee Snr 86 
Merrie (SETI 5s /5:4' sg 0a oo + RS es pom e 92 
Baswitz, C. aren aE OS Oe Any phen ne See 68 
PUPPET ace cre as dy pra ete ales Members ee 76 

« SELINA. hc 5% Auee ieee ate ore eee 89 
mre, re TITS: bo a os oo as ce wiawiee <a wees 72 
MS ae on ci a'a sis. ving 4s p ORI Rs ale ee 86 
rarer SUNTIICTICAN .'< ¢< vis\s'e<.s\a'0'y nin s nioveteaiPe pe suns 68 
PMIROMEE POTIC ICI: Mc ois eet ne, watt Nr eee 88 
Rem rme sRSTILISL) ky ses 0 i0.acs, ie) e oe oes eae 75 
MU CEME CID en syn are es gig < a.a se as ace ita oa 79 
Serer 1! German ic" ,. s s'4a's ik ov bed eee 94 
eee CCT IAT O55 75 aly a oso eteeiaa inde See go 
Reet eA PAMOCTICAN: = co -Gek al oasis bce ace eee ete 65 
Boman. 1. Bs Cr, German si oct ern ieee etek QI 


100 PATENTEES” INDEX 


Bonnier, French ...0.5 0005 sce 05 0 es oe 86 
Bonsquet, P. L., American 2... +: lcs eee 66 
Borks; W., German’). 3 i.) isos 2s). 0 0-3 rr 92 
Boucherie, French (.....0.0.6 oso 45/25 es Ge 80 
Boult, A.'J., British). 20.0). 62), «+ os ao.) 71 
Bourdu & Cie, French ..... la tis oe els « olatghe tea 78 
Bourgois, French’. 20... 0. seas es ince pene 80 
Bousfield, J. E., British 2.5.20. 0). sss yee 69 
Boute, French ...\0.0. 0/0) ob bess Cae eee 80 
Bovard, P.’ F., “American... 50. ; Gane eee 67 
Brandt; H. O., British: 2. 02% oe esc atere piel 70 
Briggs, J. F., British \. 2.0.05 52.3.) 71 
Browne, A., ‘British 2... ..'25,. 0.5 re ae 69 
Bruckner, W.,: British’ (..0).0. 20.) pte va 
Bull, H: J., Gesman-. 2.2... o.oo see 93 
Buret; French (60.9 2060. sie vie o ono 6 oie SI 
Cantu, French 20.0.0 esse 20. oe ee a 
Carter, J. E., British ......20..5. cee 75 
Carter, W. A., American... 5...) 725 67 
Castel, P.:C, D., British 2. 2.73... 3 pa Srig tae 70 
Chapiro, B.,- British). 07)... 29. 05-00 so 73 

% French. bose. 65. ha 80 
Chapman,:G., British: ..:.....5.. 0s. ee 72 
Chaumont, French: ..... 3.6... 0e\@ ss eee 83 
Chischin, L, J., British >... 27.02. Serene a Oe 70 
Chotin, French ..ccc.0sis bse dos cee 82 
Cleghorn, C. A.,’ British® 6.3250). S4.0.)e eee 75 
Cochrane, F., British ..... 2... «55 eee 75 
Cohen, E. S.,: British: . 2. -. 22. 2» +> oti aeenn cee | 
Collet, French 05.000. c00e fee 96 dee se 83 
Colm, ‘French. :. «064 sc0sssis be 6 oy sy ri 
Collier, French 2... ...0. 25.0 besle eae s ape eee 85 
Corat, French ... 6550.50 00 oss 6 ele oe 85 
Cottin, French «26. 6s6e 0 od snts « 0p 78 
Cross, ‘C. F., British: 2.0). ss +4 «ccna 71 


Cuthbertson, E. I.,,American:..2.. 720739 eee 67 


PATENTEES’ INDEX IOI 


tr Cer EITILISH 552 vce a act ce winevieveccas cece ga 
RC SELINAT Foca c pcs ciaia' song siviay ee siag's sie s go 
SNEED aN 0 ge Ge ea 68 
EMS OTIC IGS ololy isa 5°4'y 1c se vais oe ele'w since 6 sis 9 058s 79 
CY a A ee 80 
MMM gaes5 g's 5 a '4 64 ne 6 59 kiwig ek eigiaie sey s 80 
SEIT TU EICCENICE oo ianciy. 4 t's eis 'eime einige a ais ¥ cas 0's s 76 
OE LEDC oi. vk wage cus ences aveseess tees 84 
Mpeutscne Lyroxit Ges:, German .........0.escecees 95 
OE CEME S167 0y 0007/5 4 = vis nls sp disp eis dees e306 one 83 
MNRAS RV OESTILISEL 1 ae o)bls ec a sie o we e005 0 0's! e'dcea 69 
Mea TILISN 1st ee bse ce sae cbeacnceees 72 
Ge i soe g in ay cele es bse s alga e's e's a ees 79, 80 
PETA SCPINAN oc sac ssw ewlkcescasceveces 93 
Re SIN ISI Ck ec dns s Cac c esc cess eessieeass 72 
MME IE COC rr 57. o's ss 5 4 4+ x ajo dvs ie die'o eo 79 
RUMORED PEPSTANISIN eg 5s cc nae ss e's ceed noes se sicie's yhI 
er meine Cr ATVICTICAN 4 6. cis cose ccs eces eres 66 
Serre ENG RM TONG o's 65 Gav os coe selec nese we 88 
2 0S a an 69 

2 RE eREe deere ey oe chs areca WER GLa etx ole ate Fe 77 
ER OC IEISIN aoa. 5 val varn/ so oetele de le v0 's aieiyse le 71 
RP ORS TICISEN 0. 9.556 5G '5/. o/s Wiereld g Voc cla’e ws ow else bles 71 
Re tee eree eC PTItIShh coo: 0:5 aleral ghar tro el alae tia aie’ 74 
Bre eT ETON CIT Os oo. olia (kin /aie vies oles vn Da le eivie cele 79 
MRE ee AINICTICAT f. W/o 4) oe: cleolv a de ea slecie a eas 68 
Farbenfabriken F., Bayer & Co., German ..... 93, 94, 95 
RMR Oe PAV BESTIPISI 8 oye od cera ie sinter e twee + Fale age! 
BRST ICISIY tsigicis 01% ogy eis wees e aislewtes eapisio os ohe 68 
Peernemantiiacturer, German .. ..... 01 « sbgssues sce ce 93 
BeperetT SAVY :, 0 PMITIGTICATT 52s Che's ace ace leis cla’ eh dae acer eate 66 
BE COIN 21555. cial") oie alain ss sacei-e! wiv. 4 Stata wa paguttnca, sre Me Lany 78 
Pepeeroe rt Or Cie’ PTONG 04:.'). slnteuleasnieecgue aa ae 86 
Ret PL AITIOPICATL 55.4 chy 4.5, vie e009. $a sheeted eareit 67 


BOTS CAINCLICALY OA! ful dt ads Snst ashe ao alele Brattle 67 


102 PATENTEES’ INDEX 


Gardner, H, A., American ..~32..u. 00 oye en 68 
Gaudier, French ....° 2.2.33. 7.. 00 0=: 6 een 88 
Gauthier, French: 0.00030. 2250 SVs ose ee 85 
Gawlich, G., British’... 22.200... 0.05 oe 72 
Gebauer, J.'H. C.; British -..1...-422. 0.50 i 
Geisenberger, French ..............2 +n ee 78 
Gekoulin, N: British’ 0... 0.00. 65.6 5 wo wate 74 
Gérmain, French .......5 2055500 0 pe 82 
Gheise de’ St. Pierre, French |<<. ..% 1000 86 
Gilbert; French) 200.020... {5425 6660 76 
Girzik, E: German’ i. 0...) 1% 2 «sie ye ee 92 
Glynn, G. C,, American ....°250., 5.5 ee 67 
Golby; F. W., British .. 2.0/0...) 68 
Golombek, W., German’ ..........7 2.2 Q2 
Gonon, French’... 0250. 6.05.35 6s ees er 80 
Grenet, P.; British .. 2... 5.34.05 sa 69 
= French ..5.....3 2.3 05). a "79 
Grimoin-Sanson, French’ .:.. 5... 2.0). 9 ee 78 
Groult;. French 3... 2... he wea 5 2 een 82 
Hamilton, G. S., British .>..... 0...) se eee 72 
Hansel, B:, British’ ......22 2.0%. 050 eee 74 
Hansel, Gebr., German ......:. «© «> isis see 89 
Harrison,. A..B., American ..:.......... deen 67 
Hart, Frenchy i... .ic0c06.05 009 a0 «lee ae en 81 
Hart, A. M:, American ..:......00-... 2 66 
"S British i.c.5.6 60 looses 4 2 ete 72 
Hauvette, French ... 05... ..:s0.5 0 6 soe 82 
Heather, French . 20. ..i.5.4.. 0s «os «ue 76 
Hepbum, G. G., British ............ .. se 68 
. French 9.0.07... 02 ee 76 

7 German. ..¢....... 220 ee 89 
Herchelbout, French .. 0.0. .04..0. 204 oc ee 88 
fermann, S., American ............ 7 oe 65 
fernandez, French’). ..5.... 2.25. 2: ent) 79 
Hilton, J. W., American ....)..... <2 2) pee 66 
Hirsehler, French». .5...65.0455 210s oye 89 


Flockcher, J. H.; American .....'.... 720i 65 


PATENTEES’ INDEX 103 


mer eee ee ASCTINAN |, is sc w nse fey cis cps ewlewde's esis QI 
SpeoteeAMICTICAN <2: 50... ¢htanssdea cd cates 68 
RM eESTICISI 5 oo cis os oie od ose 3AM ASS oo 048 73 
as REPO torts ss nun we ek fine 80 
MUMS CISH DT ints ck ay coh RoW ERS 46M Pb ween er 73 
Me Cr eAMICLICAN (6). acc sees oe cen eens ceee 65 
REE SIS! Yo. sc oc sis doe osc peigne es we 4e 71 
MONCH 5 cc Sok nae cle eesick s vmgwas 87 
RR RIS rts a lata’ e nS sie 's oieow 0s Sap sda ne 85 
oe a ec sic iow oho edo ale lale'olls Gu « 88 
MMC OMEISTIUISH 5s bg 215s 6 oo ss os 0 6 0b ee wee RK oe Per, | 
SAME C I hos os 55s 4s avs c's claws Whee nape 86 
aneremoulnds, German ...... 0... ecdieed dete one 92 
NN eR ATTEISID soy. 5s gains oi leew senile e'cise sss 73 
= TOTO ER Sato Miocene reinle Miy.< ox tied a aus 82 
ae ASCTINIAN | ie. <0 ys <s side e wt « Ste sewn die 95 
CTE STTISN Gos cle sit pa wes ds cece an ive 08 70 
¥ COMI IAtiee ss). see eats be a eid ee erwk aa | 
CEC ie,  sec stage ibe se 64 RA ale ccmieln ocx 79 
Mp ee ) ATTETICAN .. <u). so cen s sev bie rewes = aie 66 
Ber eet, itis... on ssc oc sciewined vs es ewene 73 
EE ePST ICIS 1 Goo far, ce yes ct ya's) c=’ @ bis versmneleer stake 74 
MS OU TItiSl 5 ccs exis s.o.4.0 ules 2S uae «doe ae 
eeeeeemree LL EATILISh |. oo evans a peciemeipi n> Oe + ne 72 
Merete (SOTINAN 4.4.5 5 3's « vilencaw sid pie'ohh « dh oom 93 
i, Ae LES Fe ar eer eee Ban Teen 
Mmmaeree  PITICTICAN: 5 5 sin /s «a ol nls hs be pee ete 65 
ci PSU URLSLY SA. 2c 0s shia wield hia ae ak a cae 70 
PrerEerrtee aVV et STItiSh 4's cc x caeesoaw ee emcee aaenl 74. 
IRE GA: AMTICTICAN 55, . 2. isis ccs een evhencenenedey 65 
ff BSR oe eo tan et 69 
UR EMPMLE FO TICIN sy etre arsiciy o's «cco ee petals Bettekae 88 
MVS) TENCE cic ces oe wie ve con ee eotene sls oer 79 
Beue- Verte & Cie, French oe sumiayetes sttaueeieees 88 


104 PATENTEES” INDEX 


Larco; French 33.) 232.00. wi. 0 ae 83 
Laureau, ‘J.:H., British... 025.2. -2 5 2 pee 71 
Lavergne, “French? (.)0.).'sc0)s's'n os ose ate ee 79 
Leclereq, French >.3 iy ei Siglciaw wis ote pee 76 
Ledru Heitz: & Cie, French’ 2.030 eae ae 81, 83 
Lemaitre, French’). ....).)... 0... soa 89 
Lestorte; ‘French (3... cis'cte oe oie ie a ate eee ane 86 
Lichtenauer, French 3 2.0/5... /. Jets oe ee 84 
Lichtenstadt, C.,; British ......... 3). seas ee 70 
Lilienfeld, L., «British. i022 0.0..5 2 eae ye 
Linke, M.,: German ./..)s as die «ew 0 ele shell teiaie nn 04 . 
Lon, * French’ \...)0uos cis. wo hls lales > gushes Seine 78 
Lormier, French *.'....'. 0.200. 8. 80 
Luthringer, French 20°50 2. 3 isin ores nee oy. 
Lynch, French) 2... .003 05 Joceee sehen 86 
LCyncke, H., British 02 ....0.. is pe ote 71 
McGiehan, I. S., American’... 0.0... 2h Gee 67 
Mackintosh, H., British’ .....0.00...) 22 eee 71 
| ee French. 5.0.25. +0ek 6 nee 78 
Mackintosh, W. M., British <......0 \ eee 69, 70 
Macwalter & Brifco, British’... .: .....y2u eee 75 
Maffei, French §) 20 5: ois 0s 00s ey Pera 77 
Maltman, A.) British oo nino AP 74 
Mapnin, French is 8). sae ose ‘a Sie) bia teas ee 85 
Marchi, French is... 200... See 3 oo eee 80 
Marcuse, A., (German ©. ..... 6s)5 ss/-1-p ote leeene ne 93 
Marr, R. A., American .. 20. 0.0. dese 66 
Marsia,: French 0 ce50hs 6s eee PR et 79 
Martin, French, 2.03.0 000. ass cbis scp ele are eee 88 
Martini & Huneke, French . 3. .....9 0) see 89 
Mehler A-G, “British 0.0. 70... .0 4c slem eee een eee 75 
Meinel, French’ 0...) elec eo a eae 79 
Mendess, J.,’ British. ..05).000.00 cee tetas clenein ee 73 
‘Menzies, J., American °, 2... 4's). veg cen 65 
tg British we. 20s 3 ee 69 
Meron, E.;American .0 0060.00 0.0 s nlp eae 65 


‘Meron, French®.} 0.0.0... 0. 050 eo rete 78 


PATENTEES INDEX 105 


eC SOTINATT Soci) viscacole sale ce ods Seb wb cde «eit go 
RE MET ERENC LPP She f4) a sink! ren Die aleve es a ak 406% 77 
ee aT L TIT oo, io, io! cinjalesece.o.o\0's a's wee Ewe 4 Sole eis 95 
Perea VidSSON Pench ou. sve a eee icele wees se SI 
RM ERSE ETON LOTION roo irre gah co: alais saved 'si¢ ine /digiesa se bos bi aes o7 
EME Ee eirvst ac 7 x osu tw A ale's Ue Sio Whe wfale ww aly ¥se'a ola. 76 
SR EAN A ESTITISID 8 ooo es gave vi0!s. ove dale, ule ga acelld's 75 
MRM SEULISIE ro. wel cin, s.5:s\ eel oialdl snd boa oa pe 75 
OMNI D A PLINCTICAD fog sy co leivie we sem vires dk ae 66 
Mra ee CO) CO LINAN 0 sie a ois nies tany'o ¥'5 oO vin 9 0 go 
RRR NCR I8 Br 7 ha 20a ky <Venacs fo wine Wishaw oodles re: 
MM CRTC ea 2 Shp ei gtancig yin als FTES De cS) wales 87 
EL fei nis ge iia ysinis 4 sis via Bld wo ue law mre of Ra es 79 
ee ECIISD cig sicce wee s'e'n's 19'S se ele Velasco ne 71 
oes ONC SS TC) a ng a "fF: 
ee eR ee ISEILISE coh ice 5 end +. «10 deel areiin's BREN alee s 75 
RRP ESLITISNY foie tig sie alpen vs. sions FeO es «vb bea 70 
eMe PC.  STIUISN 5. oo wien cee dens 8 WR ee 5 73 
RE PEPE MCEITIAN 205 ace gs nes oe 9'e0.6 Wn 4 4 mue'y ech es baie 93 
rer TM ME CTC cre ou 6 a de. 6 ba «6 bps aces o See aie dies 80 
SM CIV d aA SOLAN... Ghiy in ssln een ew edd eta ces QI 
Norsk Hydro-Elektrisk, German ................... 96 
RE SOARS TILT IDs 5 oso va k 5s wan Sd a on et ed A nts 75 
MCT os Goon wa wee ces VAG ER ee Oe 88 
eM STTTISNL oid p oc a <0. scale ecu’ min Socio aa Rls beers 73 
NES) iA Sao ad «a ee create 80, 87 
aise ge, TILISEY 42 Gv. gins a Sto ee ees 75072 

. TATENCH: © oe 2 oa is a ee ee eee 84 
Be RE Le ST IPISTL ye 5 vei ew «: sie won pa ied aig ees ee OR eee 7a 
Brean Ik Sits: <9. siscain wnt clei tats) stmede ta 69 
rey hy. Gy, AINCTICAN.) cya. See cing» suteweioiate 67 
Reet et. AICTICATS 5: jie c¢yinia lc eee LS cris ao 67 
fe iecaee Pescara sh rench 4. 2uu2 3 Luan oe ee 86 
Meneney yr. (o Liritish3 0 syle gs Oriel SL cote cae ee 75 
ReeteOte EL American (o/b). 0c isda alae meee 67 


by Brench it oo) See ee ae eee 88 


106 PATENTEES” INDEX 


Pering, . J, - British... <cccccsstdtesect ie soee puesto Atel ee 71 
Perry, R. Py American 4.0 ).cisiuu aus sone se 67 
Peters, Eh British 2 ww 's inte ne 9 Se oe wo ow 72 
French. .5ss0++s0+ 00 006s sees 77, 80 
Peters, M:. G.,. German ....0.20 0.50. «is ie go 
Pilkington, W..S., British 2)... .....::%.snseeeee 69 
Piontrel,, French 5.5.56... s/e.0 «= divin 0 we bei 82 
Philippthal, W.; German .......... 0. seen eee 93 
Pluss, French. 23. .s,sscs.\ ses +5000 see ieee 
Pluszeski, French ....:.:5:4:sic:c010-0:0 «1 ale Seana een 86 
Ply, - Fremcla <j... ccc:eieic acini e's tou lo to oy ote nr 87 
Polson, W. K.,. British «.... ...:.1; -:0.01« 1 eee ne 70 
Pomortzeff, M. British i... «csi nee Ore yt: 70 
Brench . ).3)s+/eisas apes eee 78 
Pontrel, French =... sic ssa iesess 000 ers oe 84 
Porrit, Frenchy). 2.5 .cc.6:s0)s16 veunoe 9 02) 0 ee 84 
Port, G. M., British... /....:+/).105 <1 Se 69 
Pose, German -o..6 coves cigs ip oe vls es cin yl ee QI 
Posener, A. M,, American ..........2 anes eee 65 
Poulson, Frerich 050.00... se see bale 0 ee 78 
Pratt, W. B., American ......... +... «es uae 68 
French: |... 0... 3+ oe «5 ee 88 
Ae German. .... 0.0020 sa se 96 
Pritham, H. C.) British... J... se. © eee 74 
Rateliffe, W., British .............. <= elem ae em 75 
Ratignier, French ..............+ +s < een 80 
Reichelt, B., German ....).........  bsijenee ee go 
Remeau, French 2.00... <5s600% 0 0 us «= or 80 
Renard, French: .......0.5 6.00700 0 «05 78 
Rivat, French ....006.+02s000r +46 00 6a ane 80 
Roberts, I. L., American ..<.-.o. 2s see 65 
Rohr, C. E., American .....++0.+«s0 on ne 68 
Ronchetti, French . 0. j.00cleecoes sca ee eee 83 
Rolssig, M. A., American....«...-.«.2eueee eee . 66 
Rothmund, G,, ‘British deepecews wile pin 74 


PATENTEES’ INDEX 107 


REOPEN ON Oc is Sh a Sn vated 00's 0s CAN ER GN 8 val’ 82 
Beprieeeaverice, German .....5...0.ssesecncsnsaas 95 
EMCEE A CDYISH c.g a ods oooh ek dale daw « 69 
BE INMETICAN: Gos Viewed ons cde tb 5546 wi oe 66 
ER tee SA INCTICAN 1 cGy os - sioisia.n o'pn 0 44,404)6:9 0 ne 68 
UMN EA LUIS ce ee oe ss alvin ne os bsch ead eects 74 
Re te LINETICAL | oa cc siedins bay tn b amine v 66 
Pee NY OTIS. 5. eek de cc clas ev vcssecnees 68 
I  PSOTINIAN 0. 5, cen vee vcs ccs open crews cect 96 
Ec isin elec asd cee acc ce pe nlagene 78 
RR 0.7, rk hg sia'o ss SN we ns 'e Oka 0 os 87 
Mee ISTIC |. 25.5 sa se acs cea eke weve. 75 
MMC Se STITISI) 02k. Sc ck g sosie de cllee deleeese 70 
= EES TUS SUNS, gr ORG Nga gts Mind na ona 76 

‘ eee engi Se eieke heh hr eine wakes 90 
oo Ps CSS St a 01) sR ae 70 
. ROC ORS et sete ee: uty vice ies Goes 77, 

‘ (SSW PLETAL, any an eo a Up aN ae  gR gr ge go 
Seki csv bc css pe bn 0.00 ele tera tae 79 
TE Ae co ile es. s bocce Gs saw ene ade bos ge soe 86 
rs. Soe pine Gah Laas tw cee 87 
EIN ek sk eo oh go a's een wale ee ee 78 
EES oon sos ok so au oie 9.0 neice abe = angie «8 69 
MRI UNL SSTICISH ow os ole Vb be bcd wwictv eee we 73 
Soie Artificielle de la Voult, la, French .............. 87 
e “s 4 ee COP Mall seh creer BOO 
Meet SCTINAN oo. Ss re ' Gi owes Seaton oss 93 
BT Ce OTILISHL. oo), sav 2 sie stk cin inin vitae tae oe. 
yl SS Tel legit Fg ae ee ns ops at Pa 85 
UU LOPES, cos. os 2 ae oo ch ae Ce eee 70 
oe) 1 Ra ae a Co emer Mr obeded 70 
Ren OL IRON ye OTILISLY Cet c's 2 tre 9 ode vie a els ape 
OT, BTS had Raa nui rule gah Vea seh eae 86 
Sate VL 3, TATTLE) Fey ri Accent oon se ee araes 72 
Seno nes Ge DTitisty etre Fee cent ee eae 72, 94,98 
is Prenches 45 6645 ety eee, tah ev, 86, 88 


Grermaniss gift eres Seis. ne 94 


108 PATENTEES” INDEX 


Taylor, French) 22.02.02 les ase cee ale ae 87 
Tew, ‘Frenelis 0 ose ees via so hie ee 85 
Theis und Kochmann, German ...... 7.29 @2 aa 96 
Tornauw, B.°N:; British,.003 2. o'6 vce eee 68 
Toussaint, sFrenchy) iiyis0 5.0 aia3 biataa' sels © «eae 77 
Trenckmanf,.B., German .... 50 505. eee go 
Ubbelohde, L., German \..... 0... va) De 04 
Van Gestel, J. T., American... 2, 2002) c ee 65 

\ German... 0... Sa ee go 
Vincent, French)... since sos 0 +, cle ese 94 re 86 
von Reinold, W., British .:..2-. 5... cGeme v6 
Wahnrow, J..L., British .. 2. ..2. 20) Asvsceee 74 
Waterhouse, F., British «oo... <2 nice a pee ee 74 
Watremez, E. T. J., British ..... .cise sha eee 73 

r French ...c3.04's ¢<;e 85 

Y German: 2...) 92 
Weingartner, French 1.00.3. . 2.4.2 ea ae 88 
West, \P..C. H., British’... 02.4. 3.50 vee 71 
Wharton, F. M., British .. 0°... 0.) pg 69 
White, J. F., American 2... 0... as pie 67 
Whitelow, E. T., German... <3. 25000 90 
Wiesner, French oo. 5 00 co bas 6 oe his oie eee 82 
Wiggin, R. H., American ...... 0s +si5 0 Su 67 
Williams, J., American... ..0..2. 2.02) he 65 

s British, ..’.. 66° 6's 4% oes ean penne 69 
Williams, J. D., British). o... 2.22... 6 eae ee 75 
Wiley, T. F., British 2.6.2... «ae 6s oo teen 70 
Wilson, J. A., American |. 2... 2... pane 68 
Wolffenstein,. R.;, German .. 200.5...) a 93 
Wright, French (....0... 07.55 «+ 1 apne 78 
Wright, S,A.,: British 32.00.00. .9. ee 75 
Wright, V. B:, British’... 202.000 Se 70 
Zimmer, A. A.; American ........ .\ see 66 

* British 2.4.3... 2 sss 72 


Ziindel, E., French .\.\... 2. ++ a. suki Saleen 83 


SUBJECT INDEX 


MERI GWALCT hu, ow chen esp ce ees pele sins te os 15 
EMITS ICIS go t's oo ve she bolele of heros oheta eos 27 
eM AN yin SiS wei te cts tele Mt Pais do alec os 28 
Perera acetate ois. sc ce ewe ee ease 10, 20;°21;°27;, AI 
MMR MUI LO 0045 ee inie scisl ain ae sb o's ets genes 30 
MEINE ATC oe iy closes fbn ces ce tadeacoeeess 40 
UIE eatOCAT ACG i, oie doe A ielaly a sc seep awin ee cade g 40 
rar SU AE Sc ccc ees wesc bee dee tee 28, 30, 39 
CMTE ee an Od vices ok ties hve ee ee 23, 30, 31 
aN te aa ye ry sy ai oie ceeds aed 20, 21 
ee ICZ Phe ots clg'c oes fale lola’ ais waisivisie ke s'e cure nret: C3 
TIRE PEeTIONOLIM "Qin '.), yee ’aale ede pes ob we wees 25, 43, 57 
RMR C UT tyre te ca ie dg wie & odes awe eee 26 
EMSC TURBO ed clos 5 Sa ere hk gies sh way Soe ee 10) 24,427 
Re AIO aE 6 5% niasal eid dele cota we me hereete tied 13 
SRS 0c o(eclce dah co: ale'n Dib bi nssias yioieipisie’s 26, 42, 43, 55 
SE eo es on, x cals se waa wae gas Re ae 35 
Drea ASDA (5 cs o's sb is eas deals sea sto a omnes 25, 42 
ECMO ek yd arta prt cate 20, 21 
NT os on 02s oes se oceba eee yx see ee cc crennieas eg 26 
ME AWA cc Le seks tlerels sa Kets oe ett Oe eee 53 
a EA are oR ene Ur apRiAg Ss Bm ny KG: 13 
Der OR ef Se OS se eo Ln ae 23 
1 Os A RP er MOP ORR arene Oks b 53 
I elo kos olla as oe cats Me date ai kiotteee en aes 15, 17 
(2502 5 ae a Hislacei cca suns eae eee 23 
eenos Ol; AmeriCan: i. 5's <0): © 40s se nolo e «igen aioe 23 
Beep e Oil, (LONCH ys bis goss coe ogc ibs ee meee ee 23 
Marie sO, CEN SLISI gee wets cis oelels sie ¢ wa eas ate alah 18 
Bata DLOCESSCS Mar a treet ay ine erie heey Ree 17 


110 SUBJECT INDEX 


Coating “process—oil -.:0.0.'..2 35 «0 ee se ee 18, 20 
Colloidsiav ens ae oe REE SETS o> MA 4 25 
Combustion—spontaneous ..............eee enone 22, 27 
Copper ammonia process ............. 0 see 19, 21, 31 
Copper : formate- 0.50.00. alsiete ai seat alee 19, 29 
Copper “hydrate -..0i si 2t553 5353050 00s 2 0a 31 
Copper linoleate .. 2... .c605 + es e4se se oer 24 
Copper. pleate F002... ce ee od ales Ge 26, 57 
Copper processes .....2s.¢s2 00+ 0.0) 6a re 29, 31 
Copper SOAP <6 ious es «ses Gein ence eke ee 20 
Copper sulphate... i: a5... S20 se 29 
Cotton—tensile strength of ...........s00.se cen 55 
Creosote sie i sau elscileS be eicn eee ere 20, 21, 24 
Cuprammonium process ...........+++asihaes IQ, 21, 31 
Deterioration of water-resistance .............ceeee 12 
Dirt—influence of 2. 05.5.0. 5 cee ss eis 12 
Dry cleamirige ii... .. 5 ose iii eg oc 5 ets ga 59 
Drying oils) oe ng aioe oe cles oe 21,27 
Electric process... 0.05 sae000 00+ «5 0 cc sn 40 
Emulsion process... Fs... 0.4.5... «2s 37, 39 
Fabric pores)... eee ose se ones oe II 
Pormic acid... ..ccnus cannsccudeww pone eee 29 
Cot SOMIHE ovina gic a cce ioe vole aloes da 5 oh 24, 26 
Japan wax 44 csi te 'e "es fo'a tae "00's oot ei 39, 53 
Lead acetate 2.2.0 .6.0000 cae 28 
Lead oleate. .....05556.5006 dongs es pe 43 
Linseed ‘oth: 0... 24.4.2) eae ues Se 22, as 
Mildew resistance “:..32:°.071.:.2. fe 13 
Mineral® ofl 6. oo. . oie. sw ss vee so + «on 34 


Mineral wax’ ...3.0. cies clecec dann Oe 42 


SUBJECT INDEX I1l 


PO sissies a |S Se Ri ee eT 20, 21, 25, 26 
EN VES ore 6138 Sale cee: Cate arsd isla rs ace wetoiale 8 26 
(0 ESS a seve ace, Cn teay eee 18, 23 
EL 1A seas s 5k GA See 0 he Saws career e,t 21 
es ar on ar ae a ae 22, 23, 57 
Mie wPMMOTAL (66. ccc ese e's s atte sara eee Oe Cea 34 
MOMMA ee SN ile Wud aks ose! sles sie alee gece satel wa 26 
Oil—turkey-red ..... ICR AER fess See Sete eae Le 23 
Maropt 4.0.5.5... 16; 20, AY, <24° 25,26; 30,°33; 34; 53 
Neel ahs Sia ais oles vg vo oa oes nes oa 13 
Ee NR gO le ora ne ae aa 34, 43, 55 
DE EMUIEASONAIE cs. aed cea ce okt ae see een ee 43, 57 
EE EOE Fe ele ala 's ainlele aac eiuin'e p40 ed's 23 
Mee OM OCE OL. ia o's oleate oe date vs olele va 55 
RM ore gs ee ss was ale o's ew bo oes 0 8c 20, 24 
eo) aoa, Sag arn. G. 0 asain @ 0:8 6 mt Coote ei 14 
7 ar ER gi ee SB Ma 19 
EE re Ns << il. woe kn dw 2 ow a sloherovleha also Ok 12 
I er OA yg Bs wp s36 5.4 0 4,8 ERE AS 22 
oe ee eS ar er gees 53 
MEE OSS 0 Ses. Sina. aie Fe via ce n'a bis 0j ule bios A ee oo 35 
BIE RIU Os. ase. vin vie oie RRA ae cee. ee Se 24, 26 
Ne Swag Su al v's, f'n: 5) 0 discal 8's Wao alee OM 20, 25, 27 
Ne 2a oe sini s eis 'n isi e'yie'n «tue, fas 19, 20, 21, 30, 39 
UEC GCIs yn bg 0) Seo win: dows, wins a oraveiwle a ieutonees 20 
enema TTT Ate to ois etfs os wid viata eid ae bes eee 39 
ALICE LO oes seins case nip 016) ghaid.0 0 aheledest Manan de 39 
Be TE TIA CIUITIO (68). «uci a SyetpelQuele oop: ce akan o: POMPOUS 24 
Spindle oil ..... aGdecy ss avesece aig gears e reducer ith bel eee 25 
Pmentaneets combustion 2.6.20 6.0/c< 0s a o0 tele ve dee ane 7 
MAMA DIOCESE i fa. s.a.o-s's 0 win’) 51k wie teh ia trairere aa 35 
MEER PTOCESS - 5'p sia'i/e ieee Unies W nls wei ax ee 34 


SURE CES CALS pi Us cca haca-c Noles realy Uakele a oecktal ant ea 30 


112 SUBJECT INDEX 


Stearine pitch 2305S. ae day ee ee ene eee sete 26 
Sunlight—effect of 00.0.5.) 64 sce see ee 53, 55 
Surface tension... vissies wis esse 6s si « 3 tein ee 9 
Tarareodliy ois cb is ec ie ne ale 19, 31 
Tar—wood ......... “ess & ple elaie'a oid ple SieR Cente Een 26 
Tarpaulins—American 3)... 0.) .4 sass st ae 
Tarpaulins—English . ..6...)....i05.0s eis aioe ea 18 
Tarpatlins—French .....3.<.,...:% 5 os 0 eee 23 
Tensile strength—effect of weather on ............. 55 
Tents). 5,5: sia eis «ee helo ooh epe-e ia) ek enn 45 
Testing water-resistance /./.... 0) 24.5 soe eee 18, 46 
Tests—U. S.. Government. ........0s ose eee 20, 21 
Trinidad asphalt)... .\v <5 s)s!s + os sas eee 26 
Trade, association (2 0s vpn ee Fab abl eho tie 13 
Trade-marks ©... 6.0 sis'uisv's 00 «10 als 00s oi alpen BEES 
Turkey-red oil... 0). 06. 5s ae oo oe tlp ih eaten 23 
Waterproof—definition ............. eee ee 7 
Water-resistant ....2.5 005.40 css 6 chs ieee 8 
Water-resistance—deterioration of .............+.-- 12 
Wool) grease’ cis elec ss sale bie are eet 43 


Zine ‘stearate... ss eek vdwesie ee. eyh elo a ener II 





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